Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
... transverse and longitudinal locations (Witter 2007). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of hippocampal learning will likely require a quantitative map of the entire axonal arbors originating from different network sub-regions. On the other hand, this same structural comple ...
... transverse and longitudinal locations (Witter 2007). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of hippocampal learning will likely require a quantitative map of the entire axonal arbors originating from different network sub-regions. On the other hand, this same structural comple ...
nervous system part 6 EEG, walkfulness and sleep
... Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called brain waves Brain waves change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and the chemical state of the body An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity EEGs can be used ...
... Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called brain waves Brain waves change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and the chemical state of the body An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity EEGs can be used ...
EEG - pressthebar
... Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called brain waves Brain waves change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and the chemical state of the body An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity EEGs can be used ...
... Normal brain function involves continuous electrical activity Patterns of neuronal electrical activity recorded are called brain waves Brain waves change with age, sensory stimuli, brain disease, and the chemical state of the body An electroencephalogram (EEG) records this activity EEGs can be used ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... •Acetylcholine is the transmitter at preganglionic synapses in both systems •The receptor is similar to the neuromuscular junction synapse: directly gated channel which responds to the agonist nicotine •The postganglionic parasympathetic transmitter also is acetylcholine •The receptors are indirectl ...
... •Acetylcholine is the transmitter at preganglionic synapses in both systems •The receptor is similar to the neuromuscular junction synapse: directly gated channel which responds to the agonist nicotine •The postganglionic parasympathetic transmitter also is acetylcholine •The receptors are indirectl ...
PDF
... and the possibility that rapid, goal-directed actions may be subserved by interactions between separate cortical and subcortical neural circuits. The focus of the review is on the generation, rather than the context-dependent modulation of these rapid responses. I will begin by defining rapid postur ...
... and the possibility that rapid, goal-directed actions may be subserved by interactions between separate cortical and subcortical neural circuits. The focus of the review is on the generation, rather than the context-dependent modulation of these rapid responses. I will begin by defining rapid postur ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... had a competitive disadvantage as if each of their terminals had less resources for competition (Kasthuri and Lichtman, 2003). Indeed, axon branches of motor neurons in which production of neurotransmitter is genetically reduced had a clear disadvantage in the competition and, perhaps as a result of ...
... had a competitive disadvantage as if each of their terminals had less resources for competition (Kasthuri and Lichtman, 2003). Indeed, axon branches of motor neurons in which production of neurotransmitter is genetically reduced had a clear disadvantage in the competition and, perhaps as a result of ...
Sonic hedgehog and cerebellum development
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... increase expression in the ARC (111). These changes are reversed by either testosterone or estradiol replacement (111, 112). Studies in other species have corroborated the effects of sex steroids on kisspeptin expression (46, 74, 95, 103, 110). In the sheep, the ARC kisspeptin neurons mediate both t ...
... increase expression in the ARC (111). These changes are reversed by either testosterone or estradiol replacement (111, 112). Studies in other species have corroborated the effects of sex steroids on kisspeptin expression (46, 74, 95, 103, 110). In the sheep, the ARC kisspeptin neurons mediate both t ...
Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and
... Mirror neurons for mouth actions in F5 a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or ...
... Mirror neurons for mouth actions in F5 a three-dimensional (3-D) system. This system is constituted of two video-cameras (xc-999p, SONY), a 3-D to 2-D switching box (vrmux2p, VREX), a card and a 3-D projector (VR2100, VREX). Several different hand and mouth actions performed by the experimenter or ...
Sonic hedgehog and cerebellum development
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
... Lee et al., 1997; Ruiz i Altaba, 1998), SHH could thus act in an autocrine manner in early EGL cells. SHH secreted from Purkinje neurons could then act on oEGL cells and in cells within the PL. The distribution of SHH protein and its localization with respect to a variety of cell-specific markers as ...
Emergence of new signal-primitives in neural systems
... time-of-arrival codes, permit encoding and transmission of multidimensional information by the same elements (multiplexing). We outline how synchronous time-division and asynchronous code-division multiplexing might be realized in neural pulse codes. Multidimensional temporal codes permit different ...
... time-of-arrival codes, permit encoding and transmission of multidimensional information by the same elements (multiplexing). We outline how synchronous time-division and asynchronous code-division multiplexing might be realized in neural pulse codes. Multidimensional temporal codes permit different ...
Lagged Cells
... average soma size in Y cells has sometimes led to overestimates of their proportion because they are sampled more readily than the smaller X and W cells [9]. The fact that cortical cells have visual responses so unlike those observed in the LGN, whereas geniculate responses look much like those in t ...
... average soma size in Y cells has sometimes led to overestimates of their proportion because they are sampled more readily than the smaller X and W cells [9]. The fact that cortical cells have visual responses so unlike those observed in the LGN, whereas geniculate responses look much like those in t ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... and tactile stimuli increased ACh release in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and elicited different behaviors including signs of fear, in response to noise and stimulation, exploratory behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimu ...
... and tactile stimuli increased ACh release in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and elicited different behaviors including signs of fear, in response to noise and stimulation, exploratory behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimu ...
Apomorphine Induces Contralateral Rotation 1 Running Head
... concentrations of 6-OHDA into the right medial forebrain bundle. The four groups demonstrated significant changes motor function, dopaminergic cell loss in the SN, and neuronal firing rates in the striatum; thus mimicking each progressive stage of human PD because larger dosages that ...
... concentrations of 6-OHDA into the right medial forebrain bundle. The four groups demonstrated significant changes motor function, dopaminergic cell loss in the SN, and neuronal firing rates in the striatum; thus mimicking each progressive stage of human PD because larger dosages that ...
Activity Regulates the Incidence of Heteronymous Sensory
... (A) Schematic of lumbar spinal-hindlimb preparation. Stimulating electrodes were placed in TA, EDL, and PL muscles to activate proprioceptive fibers. Ventral roots were cut and placed into suction electrodes for either stimulation or recording. Motor neurons (green) were visually identified followin ...
... (A) Schematic of lumbar spinal-hindlimb preparation. Stimulating electrodes were placed in TA, EDL, and PL muscles to activate proprioceptive fibers. Ventral roots were cut and placed into suction electrodes for either stimulation or recording. Motor neurons (green) were visually identified followin ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog
... Thus, the unique functions of the hippocampus had to arise not so much from the intrinsic properties of pyramidal neurons but from the pattern of functional interconnections of these cells, and how those interconnections are affected by learning. To tackle that problem we needed to know how sensory ...
... Thus, the unique functions of the hippocampus had to arise not so much from the intrinsic properties of pyramidal neurons but from the pattern of functional interconnections of these cells, and how those interconnections are affected by learning. To tackle that problem we needed to know how sensory ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... and movements. Here, then, is a second general feature: focusing on only the initial or most prominent elicited movement was more revealing of somatotopic order, whereas attending to all the movements elicited by stimulation at each point suggested more extensive convergence and overlap (Beevor and ...
... and movements. Here, then, is a second general feature: focusing on only the initial or most prominent elicited movement was more revealing of somatotopic order, whereas attending to all the movements elicited by stimulation at each point suggested more extensive convergence and overlap (Beevor and ...
Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors
... nature of the innervation (de Castro, 1928). Hubert von Luschka in 1862 found that the purported ganglion intercaroticum was not a ganglion, but a gland that he named glandula intercarotica. He provided many details about the size and anatomical variations in humans; he described a structure of the ...
... nature of the innervation (de Castro, 1928). Hubert von Luschka in 1862 found that the purported ganglion intercaroticum was not a ganglion, but a gland that he named glandula intercarotica. He provided many details about the size and anatomical variations in humans; he described a structure of the ...
Goal-Directed Navigation based on Path Integration and Decoding
... models generate a goal-direction signal by detecting particular combinations—across grid modules—of phase differences between the grid cell representations of the current location and the goal location. The model presented in this paper resembles Bush et al’s latter approach. The current grid cell s ...
... models generate a goal-direction signal by detecting particular combinations—across grid modules—of phase differences between the grid cell representations of the current location and the goal location. The model presented in this paper resembles Bush et al’s latter approach. The current grid cell s ...
An ultra small array of electrodes for stimulating multiple
... The translucence of the silicon nitride membrane permitted DIC imaging and facilitated positioning of the array in the dendritic arbor of the Purkinje neuron (Fig. 5). This also allowed for visual monitoring of the electrodes during stimulation. Stimulus parameters were kept in a range that avoided ...
... The translucence of the silicon nitride membrane permitted DIC imaging and facilitated positioning of the array in the dendritic arbor of the Purkinje neuron (Fig. 5). This also allowed for visual monitoring of the electrodes during stimulation. Stimulus parameters were kept in a range that avoided ...
Computing with Spiking Neuron Networks
... Separately, neurobiological research has greatly progressed. Notions such as associative memory, learning, adaptation, attention and emotions have unseated the notion of logic and reasoning as being fundamental to understanding how the brain processes information, and time has become a central featu ...
... Separately, neurobiological research has greatly progressed. Notions such as associative memory, learning, adaptation, attention and emotions have unseated the notion of logic and reasoning as being fundamental to understanding how the brain processes information, and time has become a central featu ...
Developing Standardized Behavioral Tests for
... to handling and the method of retrieving the subject (Barry 1957). For example, whether mice are picked up by the tail, carried in a container, or allowed to move themselves into transport container may influence their behavior. Eighth, what test apparatus should be used? Its size, material, and met ...
... to handling and the method of retrieving the subject (Barry 1957). For example, whether mice are picked up by the tail, carried in a container, or allowed to move themselves into transport container may influence their behavior. Eighth, what test apparatus should be used? Its size, material, and met ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... receptors have also been detected and recorded at extrasynaptic sites (Clark et al. 1997; Häusser and Roth 1997; Rao and Craig 1997; Rosenmund et al. 1995; Spruston et al. 1995). Dendritic recordings in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and in cerebellar Purkinje cells have provided evidence that the f ...
... receptors have also been detected and recorded at extrasynaptic sites (Clark et al. 1997; Häusser and Roth 1997; Rao and Craig 1997; Rosenmund et al. 1995; Spruston et al. 1995). Dendritic recordings in hippocampal pyramidal neurons and in cerebellar Purkinje cells have provided evidence that the f ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.