Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling
... shapes, etc. and steady fixation condition like Troxler effect (for review see [4]). Many psychophysical and physiological studies have been performed to gain insight into the neural mechanism of perceptual completion at the blind spot. These studies suggest that the filling-in is an active process: ...
... shapes, etc. and steady fixation condition like Troxler effect (for review see [4]). Many psychophysical and physiological studies have been performed to gain insight into the neural mechanism of perceptual completion at the blind spot. These studies suggest that the filling-in is an active process: ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... in Fan et al. (1996)). Sim1 is expressed in the developing hypothalamus, including cells of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior periventricular nucleus (aPV), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). Genetic analysis of Sim1 homozygous mutant mice revealed an absence of the PVN, aPV, and SON and implic ...
... in Fan et al. (1996)). Sim1 is expressed in the developing hypothalamus, including cells of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior periventricular nucleus (aPV), and supraoptic nucleus (SON). Genetic analysis of Sim1 homozygous mutant mice revealed an absence of the PVN, aPV, and SON and implic ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... rhesus monkey can be greatly modulated depending on the behavioral significance of a visual stimulus. These findings suggest that signals arising from sources other than the retina may represent an important aspect of neuronal activity in visual cortex. Understanding the extent and nature of these e ...
... rhesus monkey can be greatly modulated depending on the behavioral significance of a visual stimulus. These findings suggest that signals arising from sources other than the retina may represent an important aspect of neuronal activity in visual cortex. Understanding the extent and nature of these e ...
Neuronal activity in human primary visual cortex correlates with
... using visual-evoked potentials (VEP; for example, ref. 15) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)16,17. These studies reported strong fluctuations in the VEP and MEG signals using sensors placed over posterior (occipital) areas, but it was not possible to pinpoint the precise visual area(s) from which tho ...
... using visual-evoked potentials (VEP; for example, ref. 15) and magnetoencephalography (MEG)16,17. These studies reported strong fluctuations in the VEP and MEG signals using sensors placed over posterior (occipital) areas, but it was not possible to pinpoint the precise visual area(s) from which tho ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... The feedforward established response property of visual neurons is not fixed. It can be modified by factors such as experience and learning, or, more importantly, by the spatial and temporal context in which a stimulus is presented. The latter strongly influences the stimulus evoked response of a ce ...
... The feedforward established response property of visual neurons is not fixed. It can be modified by factors such as experience and learning, or, more importantly, by the spatial and temporal context in which a stimulus is presented. The latter strongly influences the stimulus evoked response of a ce ...
Identification of the Neuropeptide Transmitter Proctolin in Drosophila
... consists of a pattern of segment-specific junctions on several singly identifiable muscle fibers. While it is generally accepted that Drosophila muscle fibers are innervated by glutamatergic motoneurons, our data indicate that a specialized subset of muscle fibers are also innervated by peptidergic ...
... consists of a pattern of segment-specific junctions on several singly identifiable muscle fibers. While it is generally accepted that Drosophila muscle fibers are innervated by glutamatergic motoneurons, our data indicate that a specialized subset of muscle fibers are also innervated by peptidergic ...
Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain.
... Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) present in the serum/plasma are characteristically altered in many pathological conditions, and have been employed as diagnostic markers for specific diseases. We examined if relative plasma miRNA levels are altered in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) as comp ...
... Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) present in the serum/plasma are characteristically altered in many pathological conditions, and have been employed as diagnostic markers for specific diseases. We examined if relative plasma miRNA levels are altered in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) as comp ...
... through its connections with the cortex (for reviews see Refs 21, 42, 51, 110 and 132). The basal forebrain has received special attention because of its susceptibility in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases (for reviews see Refs 57, 58, 74, 97 and 109). Previous studies have shown that ...
Bimal K
... pattern. The network has the capability to "learn" because of the distributed intelligence contributed by the weights. The input-output pattern matching is possible if appropriate weights are selected. In Figure 11-33, there are altogether 25 weights, and by altering these weights, we can get 25 de ...
... pattern. The network has the capability to "learn" because of the distributed intelligence contributed by the weights. The input-output pattern matching is possible if appropriate weights are selected. In Figure 11-33, there are altogether 25 weights, and by altering these weights, we can get 25 de ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... Matveev and Wang, 2000). Given this evidence for the importance of bursts, it is crucial to understand which properties of neuronal input trigger burst firing. We have examined this issue using a computational model of a common class of bursting neurons. We stimulated the model with sinusoidal and r ...
... Matveev and Wang, 2000). Given this evidence for the importance of bursts, it is crucial to understand which properties of neuronal input trigger burst firing. We have examined this issue using a computational model of a common class of bursting neurons. We stimulated the model with sinusoidal and r ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... nucleus of the thalamus to the LA are thought to be crucial for auditory-cued conditioned fear responses (Fig. 1)11,13,14. An indirect thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway from the ventral and medial divisions of the MGN via auditory cortex to perirhinal cortex also conveys information to the amygdala1 ...
... nucleus of the thalamus to the LA are thought to be crucial for auditory-cued conditioned fear responses (Fig. 1)11,13,14. An indirect thalamo-cortical-amygdala pathway from the ventral and medial divisions of the MGN via auditory cortex to perirhinal cortex also conveys information to the amygdala1 ...
The Nervous System
... from, and within the central nervous system. They are held in place by glia, or glial cells (from the Greek for “glue”), which make up 90 percent of the brain’s cells. For a long time, people thought that glial cells merely provided scaffolding for the more important and exciting neurons. We now kno ...
... from, and within the central nervous system. They are held in place by glia, or glial cells (from the Greek for “glue”), which make up 90 percent of the brain’s cells. For a long time, people thought that glial cells merely provided scaffolding for the more important and exciting neurons. We now kno ...
Firing characteristics of deep layer neurons in prefrontal cortex in
... represents a signal that exceeded the experimenter-defined threshold. The x- and y-axes represent peak amplitudes of spike signals recorded by channel 1 and 2, respectively, of the four tetrode channels. As shown, individual units tend to form clusters (left, scatter plot). Average spike waveforms r ...
... represents a signal that exceeded the experimenter-defined threshold. The x- and y-axes represent peak amplitudes of spike signals recorded by channel 1 and 2, respectively, of the four tetrode channels. As shown, individual units tend to form clusters (left, scatter plot). Average spike waveforms r ...
The role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and
... understanding of actions made by others. The linkage of motor and sensor areas of the brain could be the essential link in order to understand what somebody else is doing and for what purpose he or she is doing it. Some researchers have also suggested that empathy in humans is based on this mirror n ...
... understanding of actions made by others. The linkage of motor and sensor areas of the brain could be the essential link in order to understand what somebody else is doing and for what purpose he or she is doing it. Some researchers have also suggested that empathy in humans is based on this mirror n ...
Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Nervous System
... Recent observations suggestthat FGFs may be important for the development and maintenanceof nervous tissue.FGFs are presentin relatively high levels in the brain (Gospodarowicz et al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS ...
... Recent observations suggestthat FGFs may be important for the development and maintenanceof nervous tissue.FGFs are presentin relatively high levels in the brain (Gospodarowicz et al., 1987; Burgessand Maciag, 1989) and have been demonstrated in vitro to act upon various cell types from both the CNS ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... of GABAergic synapses with the endings of primary gustatory afferent nerves would allow them to modify incoming gustatory information from these nerves. With the presence and some general histological characteristics of GABA receptors in the NST established, the question becomes what the functional ...
... of GABAergic synapses with the endings of primary gustatory afferent nerves would allow them to modify incoming gustatory information from these nerves. With the presence and some general histological characteristics of GABA receptors in the NST established, the question becomes what the functional ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... and Hubel 1981; Humphrey and Hendrikson 1983; WongRiley 1979). In auditory cortex, by contrast, the same markers provide little compelling evidence for compartmentalization (Tootell et al. 1985; Wallace et al. 1991). Resolution of this issue in auditory cortex may have implications for our understan ...
... and Hubel 1981; Humphrey and Hendrikson 1983; WongRiley 1979). In auditory cortex, by contrast, the same markers provide little compelling evidence for compartmentalization (Tootell et al. 1985; Wallace et al. 1991). Resolution of this issue in auditory cortex may have implications for our understan ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... Figure 2. Characteristics of the spontaneous rhythmic activity in the piriform network. (A) Autocorrelogram and mean frequency (horizontal line) of multiunit activity in layer III. The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 d ...
... Figure 2. Characteristics of the spontaneous rhythmic activity in the piriform network. (A) Autocorrelogram and mean frequency (horizontal line) of multiunit activity in layer III. The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 d ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... and Hubel 1981; Humphrey and Hendrikson 1983; WongRiley 1979). In auditory cortex, by contrast, the same markers provide little compelling evidence for compartmentalization (Tootell et al. 1985; Wallace et al. 1991). Resolution of this issue in auditory cortex may have implications for our understan ...
... and Hubel 1981; Humphrey and Hendrikson 1983; WongRiley 1979). In auditory cortex, by contrast, the same markers provide little compelling evidence for compartmentalization (Tootell et al. 1985; Wallace et al. 1991). Resolution of this issue in auditory cortex may have implications for our understan ...
Crapse (2008) Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
... “corollary discharge” (CD) to denote motor-related signals that influence sensory processing, but his conception was less specific as to where the branch from motor to sensory pathways should emerge. In this Review we compare motor-to-sensory circuits across different species and different levels of ...
... “corollary discharge” (CD) to denote motor-related signals that influence sensory processing, but his conception was less specific as to where the branch from motor to sensory pathways should emerge. In this Review we compare motor-to-sensory circuits across different species and different levels of ...
What and Where Information in the Caudate Tail Guides Saccades
... 15°, and the center). The task started with the Figure 1. AnatomyoftheCDt.A,AnMRimageincludingthecaudatetail.Theimageplaneistiltedlaterallyby25°inwhichmostofthe presentation of a central spot of light [fixation electrode tracks to the CDt are included. The CDt is indicated by arrows. Below the CDt i ...
... 15°, and the center). The task started with the Figure 1. AnatomyoftheCDt.A,AnMRimageincludingthecaudatetail.Theimageplaneistiltedlaterallyby25°inwhichmostofthe presentation of a central spot of light [fixation electrode tracks to the CDt are included. The CDt is indicated by arrows. Below the CDt i ...
(2006) Changes in visual receptive fields with microstimulation of
... The influence of attention on visual cortical neurons has been described in terms of its effect on the structure of receptive fields (RFs), where multiple stimuli compete to drive neural responses and ultimately behavior. We stimulated the frontal eye field (FEF) of passively fixating monkeys and pr ...
... The influence of attention on visual cortical neurons has been described in terms of its effect on the structure of receptive fields (RFs), where multiple stimuli compete to drive neural responses and ultimately behavior. We stimulated the frontal eye field (FEF) of passively fixating monkeys and pr ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... is the only 4 g of brain without which life itself is impossible. The hypothalamus is so critical for life because it contains the integrative circuitry that coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses that are necessary for basic life functions, such as thermoregulation, control of e ...
... is the only 4 g of brain without which life itself is impossible. The hypothalamus is so critical for life because it contains the integrative circuitry that coordinates autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses that are necessary for basic life functions, such as thermoregulation, control of e ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... Theta oscillations are associated with laminar segregation of rhythmic sources and sinks in region CA1 and dentate gyrus. Current source density analysis from the local field potential supports the model of phases of encoding and retrieval. The phasic changes in current sinks result from the synapti ...
... Theta oscillations are associated with laminar segregation of rhythmic sources and sinks in region CA1 and dentate gyrus. Current source density analysis from the local field potential supports the model of phases of encoding and retrieval. The phasic changes in current sinks result from the synapti ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.