Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... temporal-differences (TD), which postulates that a synaptically reinforcing substance, e.g. dopamine, is released in response to errors in reward prediction (Schultz et al., 1997). This model has been used in a wide variety of applications including complex learning tasks, like backgammon (Sutton, 1 ...
... temporal-differences (TD), which postulates that a synaptically reinforcing substance, e.g. dopamine, is released in response to errors in reward prediction (Schultz et al., 1997). This model has been used in a wide variety of applications including complex learning tasks, like backgammon (Sutton, 1 ...
Human Decomposition Ecology
... Advanced Decay (chemical changes) Same as observed during bloated and ...
... Advanced Decay (chemical changes) Same as observed during bloated and ...
"I`ll see it when I believe it!"*: Investigating Nervous System
... germplasm and contrasting discontinuity that animal behavior was either immedi(mortality) of the somatoplasm of the indi- ately or ultimately all reproductive behavvidual animal organism. While zoologists ior (Marler and Hamilton, 1967). It could today could scarcely be found to subscribe be argued ...
... germplasm and contrasting discontinuity that animal behavior was either immedi(mortality) of the somatoplasm of the indi- ately or ultimately all reproductive behavvidual animal organism. While zoologists ior (Marler and Hamilton, 1967). It could today could scarcely be found to subscribe be argued ...
Two dimensional synaptically generated traveling waves in a theta
... Spiral-like and rotating waves have been observed in the visual cortex of the turtle [9]. Because the strong excitability of the theta model, adaptation is added in order to increase the refractory period and make it less excitable. This allows the propagation of solitary pulses in one dimension and ...
... Spiral-like and rotating waves have been observed in the visual cortex of the turtle [9]. Because the strong excitability of the theta model, adaptation is added in order to increase the refractory period and make it less excitable. This allows the propagation of solitary pulses in one dimension and ...
cranial nerves
... ascending descending location of tracts information carried pathway - decussation (in some cases) - termination the big three dorsal column/medial lemniscus ALS (spinothalamic) lateral corticospinal reflex arcs ...
... ascending descending location of tracts information carried pathway - decussation (in some cases) - termination the big three dorsal column/medial lemniscus ALS (spinothalamic) lateral corticospinal reflex arcs ...
3.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior
... organism, and to repair damage. As a result, the brain constantly creates new neural communication routes and rewires existing ones. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage. Neuroplasticity enables us to learn and remembe ...
... organism, and to repair damage. As a result, the brain constantly creates new neural communication routes and rewires existing ones. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to experience or damage. Neuroplasticity enables us to learn and remembe ...
Single Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Form Widely Spread
... Langer and Graybiel, 1989; Kaneko et al., 1995). In particular, neurons in the striosome compartment are known to send their inhibitory axons selectively to the SNc (Gerfen, 1985), whereas those in the matrix compartment project directly or indirectly to the SNr and GPi (Alexander et al., 1990). Rec ...
... Langer and Graybiel, 1989; Kaneko et al., 1995). In particular, neurons in the striosome compartment are known to send their inhibitory axons selectively to the SNc (Gerfen, 1985), whereas those in the matrix compartment project directly or indirectly to the SNr and GPi (Alexander et al., 1990). Rec ...
text of chapter 2
... the visual system and record how often the single cell fires to particular pictures. Look for instance at Figure 2.7. Washmuth, Oram, and Perrett (1994) show the number of neural impulses per second recorded from brain cells in the visual pathway of monkeys. The cell fired more frequently to picture ...
... the visual system and record how often the single cell fires to particular pictures. Look for instance at Figure 2.7. Washmuth, Oram, and Perrett (1994) show the number of neural impulses per second recorded from brain cells in the visual pathway of monkeys. The cell fired more frequently to picture ...
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System
... The vertebrate nervous system is composed of two divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system (see Figure 3.1). Roughly speaking, the central nervous system (CNS) is the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine; the peripheral nervous syste ...
... The vertebrate nervous system is composed of two divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system (see Figure 3.1). Roughly speaking, the central nervous system (CNS) is the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine; the peripheral nervous syste ...
Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental
... Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA ...
... Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
... 5.2.2. PrRP-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the DMH PrRP immunolabeling was detected in different parts of the hypothalamus. PrRP-ir cell bodies appeared exclusively in the most caudal part of the DMH, while PrRP-ir fibers were present in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the DMH, as ...
Dorsal Column Nuclei Neurons Recorded in a Brain Stem–Spinal
... preparation: characteristics and their responses to dorsal root stimulation. J Neurophysiol 84: 1361–1368, 2000. Recordings were obtained from dorsal column nucleus (DCN) neurons in a neonatal rat brain stem—spinal cord preparation to study their basic electrophysiological properties and responses t ...
... preparation: characteristics and their responses to dorsal root stimulation. J Neurophysiol 84: 1361–1368, 2000. Recordings were obtained from dorsal column nucleus (DCN) neurons in a neonatal rat brain stem—spinal cord preparation to study their basic electrophysiological properties and responses t ...
Sample PowerPoint Presentation
... If you think of your lecture as storytelling rather than a recitation of facts, you will find that both you and your students will learn more efficiently, because it’s a bit more “fun.” Your presentation works well for storytelling. The visual elements are great for that. (Love the "wandering" micro ...
... If you think of your lecture as storytelling rather than a recitation of facts, you will find that both you and your students will learn more efficiently, because it’s a bit more “fun.” Your presentation works well for storytelling. The visual elements are great for that. (Love the "wandering" micro ...
chapter2 (new window)
... – Genetic disease – Rods are destroyed first – Foveal cones can also be attacked – Severe cases result in complete blindness ...
... – Genetic disease – Rods are destroyed first – Foveal cones can also be attacked – Severe cases result in complete blindness ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... occurs at longer latencies than the fastest excitation produced at low stimulus frequencies. The cells showing I-only inhibition were found only in or at the border of septa. Very early in the history of recording from single units in cat SI cortex, Mountcastle (1957) reported that stimulation with ...
... occurs at longer latencies than the fastest excitation produced at low stimulus frequencies. The cells showing I-only inhibition were found only in or at the border of septa. Very early in the history of recording from single units in cat SI cortex, Mountcastle (1957) reported that stimulation with ...
Evolution of Herding Behavior in Artificial Animals
... animal. When animals mate, the genomes of the two parents are combined using crossover and mutation operations at the bit level [5] [6] and a new genome for the offspring is produced. This genome is then translated into the neural network that controls the new animal. Parameters are set so that each ...
... animal. When animals mate, the genomes of the two parents are combined using crossover and mutation operations at the bit level [5] [6] and a new genome for the offspring is produced. This genome is then translated into the neural network that controls the new animal. Parameters are set so that each ...
From view cells and place cells to cognitive map learning
... from the frontal or hippocampal de®cits in that there is no additional memory de®cit after PPC lesions. From the anatomical data, it is not possible to say that complex object recognition cannot be used for navigation, but the ablation of the Te2 region does not perturbate navigation tasks like thos ...
... from the frontal or hippocampal de®cits in that there is no additional memory de®cit after PPC lesions. From the anatomical data, it is not possible to say that complex object recognition cannot be used for navigation, but the ablation of the Te2 region does not perturbate navigation tasks like thos ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... report that the strategy used to set up the pathways differs not only between the fly and the grasshopper, but also between different discs and even between different classes of neurons within one disc. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanisms of axonal guidance may be common to all system ...
... report that the strategy used to set up the pathways differs not only between the fly and the grasshopper, but also between different discs and even between different classes of neurons within one disc. Our results suggest that the underlying mechanisms of axonal guidance may be common to all system ...
Noradrenergic Modulation of Activity in a Vocal Control Nucleus In
... Extracellular recordings of the spontaneous activity of 108 isolated RA neurons (median peak-to-peak spike height was 0.52 mV) were made in the brain slices. As previously reported in vivo (Adret and Margoliash 2002; Yu and Margoliash 1996) and in vitro (Mooney 1992), RA neurons exhibited spontaneou ...
... Extracellular recordings of the spontaneous activity of 108 isolated RA neurons (median peak-to-peak spike height was 0.52 mV) were made in the brain slices. As previously reported in vivo (Adret and Margoliash 2002; Yu and Margoliash 1996) and in vitro (Mooney 1992), RA neurons exhibited spontaneou ...
melanin in the body
... 99% of calcium in the body is stored in our bones therefore our ability to absorb calcium is extremely important. The process of making Vitamin D begins in the skin; as light passes through the skin’s melanin layer it is converted into a substance called D3 which passes into the blood stream and the ...
... 99% of calcium in the body is stored in our bones therefore our ability to absorb calcium is extremely important. The process of making Vitamin D begins in the skin; as light passes through the skin’s melanin layer it is converted into a substance called D3 which passes into the blood stream and the ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed recurrent EPSPs, positive current was injected through the recording electrode since sustained membrane hyperpolarization induce ...
... neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed recurrent EPSPs, positive current was injected through the recording electrode since sustained membrane hyperpolarization induce ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... that switch their survival requirements from one neurotrophic factor to another during development comes from the neurons of the mouse trigeminal ganglion, a population of cutaneous sensory neurons that innervate the anterior part of the head. If these neurons are cultured at the stage when the earl ...
... that switch their survival requirements from one neurotrophic factor to another during development comes from the neurons of the mouse trigeminal ganglion, a population of cutaneous sensory neurons that innervate the anterior part of the head. If these neurons are cultured at the stage when the earl ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
... techniques—has been performed that allows us to compare the organization of transcallosal connections in different functional regions of the mouse cortex including the primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Such a systematic analysis of inter-hemispheric connectivity is important as defects in th ...
Hierarchical somatosensory processing
... to specific features of a stimulus some of these neurons arc [4,.5,X!]. In the monkey, activated better or solely by active hand movements, such as reaching [Zl]. Tremblay et al. [22] have reported that ...
... to specific features of a stimulus some of these neurons arc [4,.5,X!]. In the monkey, activated better or solely by active hand movements, such as reaching [Zl]. Tremblay et al. [22] have reported that ...
Cortical region interactions and the functional role of apical
... Feedback to the apical dendrite might be used to modify learning in the basal dendrite so as to refine the receptive fields of nodes (Rolls and Treves, 1998). Apical inputs could thus act to coordinate learning between regions. Even when learning is unsupervised, the apical inputs to a particular re ...
... Feedback to the apical dendrite might be used to modify learning in the basal dendrite so as to refine the receptive fields of nodes (Rolls and Treves, 1998). Apical inputs could thus act to coordinate learning between regions. Even when learning is unsupervised, the apical inputs to a particular re ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.