Cautionary Observations on Preparing and Interpreting Brain
... In situ RNA Hybridization. The in situ RNA hybridization (ISH) technique visualizes cells that possess a particular messenger RNA. It is, thus, a powerful tool for directly detecting gene expression. Until recently, probes for hybridization were generated only after particular genes were cloned. The ...
... In situ RNA Hybridization. The in situ RNA hybridization (ISH) technique visualizes cells that possess a particular messenger RNA. It is, thus, a powerful tool for directly detecting gene expression. Until recently, probes for hybridization were generated only after particular genes were cloned. The ...
kainic acid oxidative stress J Appl Toxicol 2001
... rises and consequent oxygen radical production. The generation of free radicals by KA and its correlation with excitotoxicity have been proposed by several groups.4,6,10 Our present results revealed that the systemic administration of KA was able to induce oxidative damage in particular areas of the ...
... rises and consequent oxygen radical production. The generation of free radicals by KA and its correlation with excitotoxicity have been proposed by several groups.4,6,10 Our present results revealed that the systemic administration of KA was able to induce oxidative damage in particular areas of the ...
Supplemental discussion of modifier gene function
... of SK channels [105]; riluzole ameliorates motor neuron synaptic defects in mice lacking SMN exon 7 and increases median survival [106]. While studies in mice were encouraging, the only published study addressing riluzole in SMA patients had insufficient power to address efficacy [106-108]. The vali ...
... of SK channels [105]; riluzole ameliorates motor neuron synaptic defects in mice lacking SMN exon 7 and increases median survival [106]. While studies in mice were encouraging, the only published study addressing riluzole in SMA patients had insufficient power to address efficacy [106-108]. The vali ...
Purinergic signaling in acupuncture
... signaling could be involved in the physiological mechanisms mediating acupuncture effects. This hypothesis suggested that mechanical deformation of the skin by needles or application of heat or electrical current leads to the release of large amounts of ATP from keratinocytes, Bbroblasts, and other ...
... signaling could be involved in the physiological mechanisms mediating acupuncture effects. This hypothesis suggested that mechanical deformation of the skin by needles or application of heat or electrical current leads to the release of large amounts of ATP from keratinocytes, Bbroblasts, and other ...
Analogues of simple and complex cells in rhesus monkey auditory
... that respond either to the onset or the offset of a small spot of light; complex cells, by contrast, respond with mixed ON and OFF responses throughout their RF. In addition, simple cells show spatial summation within each of their subregions. In both auditory and somatosensory cortex, inhibitory su ...
... that respond either to the onset or the offset of a small spot of light; complex cells, by contrast, respond with mixed ON and OFF responses throughout their RF. In addition, simple cells show spatial summation within each of their subregions. In both auditory and somatosensory cortex, inhibitory su ...
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with reduced expression of energy metabolism genes
... encoding mitochondrial translocases responsible for the entry of ETC subunits into the mitochondria), the largest proportion of underexpressed genes was in the PCC, a region which PET studies find to be metabolically affected in the earliest stages of AD. The proportion of underexpressed genes was s ...
... encoding mitochondrial translocases responsible for the entry of ETC subunits into the mitochondria), the largest proportion of underexpressed genes was in the PCC, a region which PET studies find to be metabolically affected in the earliest stages of AD. The proportion of underexpressed genes was s ...
artificial intelligence meets natural consciousness: is it possible to
... We can also highlight the time course of this form of coherence. We can identify individual attractors with a unique code. ...
... We can also highlight the time course of this form of coherence. We can identify individual attractors with a unique code. ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... monkeys (Goodman et al., 1998; Chatterjee et al., 2009). This study would provide valuable insight into our understanding of primate evolution. In this study, we investigate whether mirror neurons exist in the frontal cortex of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Marmosets are highly social anima ...
... monkeys (Goodman et al., 1998; Chatterjee et al., 2009). This study would provide valuable insight into our understanding of primate evolution. In this study, we investigate whether mirror neurons exist in the frontal cortex of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Marmosets are highly social anima ...
Neurotransmitters
... These channels open and close rapidly providing a means for rapid activation or rapid inhibition of postsynaptic neurons. There might be EPSP’s firing at the same time as IPSP’s. Add up all the charges from the excitatory and inhibitory potentials to see which one wins! Temporal summation: same pres ...
... These channels open and close rapidly providing a means for rapid activation or rapid inhibition of postsynaptic neurons. There might be EPSP’s firing at the same time as IPSP’s. Add up all the charges from the excitatory and inhibitory potentials to see which one wins! Temporal summation: same pres ...
Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... Myelin: sheath-insulating material covering the axons; speed up communication in the neuron Presynaptic terminal: the point on the axon that releases chemicals ...
... Myelin: sheath-insulating material covering the axons; speed up communication in the neuron Presynaptic terminal: the point on the axon that releases chemicals ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and then transmitted to bulbospinal pre-motor neurons that relay the respiratory pattern to cranial and spi ...
... The basic rhythm of breathing is generated by neuronal circuits within the medullary pre-Bötzinger complex, modulated by pontine and other inputs from cell groups within the medulla oblongata and then transmitted to bulbospinal pre-motor neurons that relay the respiratory pattern to cranial and spi ...
Understanding the Human Sensory Conduction of Smell
... The olfactory epithelium is the main end organ for the sense of smell in humans and vertebrates. Specially differenciated neuronal cells called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) play a key role in the olfactory epithelium by expressing the olfactory receptors (ORs) on their apical surface membrane. ...
... The olfactory epithelium is the main end organ for the sense of smell in humans and vertebrates. Specially differenciated neuronal cells called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) play a key role in the olfactory epithelium by expressing the olfactory receptors (ORs) on their apical surface membrane. ...
Unit 3 Biological Bases of Behavior 11_12
... the brain into three sections: The reptilian brain is similar to the brainstem ...
... the brain into three sections: The reptilian brain is similar to the brainstem ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the
... Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic resonance imaging scans, we also studied the cortical areas involved in the cerebral processing of warm and nociceptive inputs. The activation ...
... Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic resonance imaging scans, we also studied the cortical areas involved in the cerebral processing of warm and nociceptive inputs. The activation ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the Sense of Warmth in
... Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic resonance imaging scans, we also studied the cortical areas involved in the cerebral processing of warm and nociceptive inputs. The activation ...
... Using brain source analysis of the evoked responses with highresolution electroencephalography and a realistic model of the head based on individual magnetic resonance imaging scans, we also studied the cortical areas involved in the cerebral processing of warm and nociceptive inputs. The activation ...
Enhanced cholinergic suppression of previously strengthened synapses enables the formation of
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
... storage process have shown that the memory capacity of a realistic cortical network can be greatly enhanced if cholinergic modulation blocks transmission at synaptic connections of the association fibers during the learning process. We here present experimental data from an olfactory cortex brain sli ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... (P16, Grass). Single unit activity was visualized (signal-to-noise ratio of at least 3:1) on a digital storage oscilloscope (2211 Tektronix) as filtered (AC, band-pass 0.3-10 kHz) and unfiltered signals (DC) and listened with an audiomonitor (AM8, Grass). The AC trace was used for the on-line count ...
... (P16, Grass). Single unit activity was visualized (signal-to-noise ratio of at least 3:1) on a digital storage oscilloscope (2211 Tektronix) as filtered (AC, band-pass 0.3-10 kHz) and unfiltered signals (DC) and listened with an audiomonitor (AM8, Grass). The AC trace was used for the on-line count ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... The results of early Golgi-impregnation studies in the mouse, rat and primate demonstrated the presence of local axon collaterals arising from neurons of the GP (Iwahori and Mizuno, 1981; Francois et al., 1984; Millhouse, 1986). Similarly, intracellular labelling, juxtacellular labelling, single-axo ...
... The results of early Golgi-impregnation studies in the mouse, rat and primate demonstrated the presence of local axon collaterals arising from neurons of the GP (Iwahori and Mizuno, 1981; Francois et al., 1984; Millhouse, 1986). Similarly, intracellular labelling, juxtacellular labelling, single-axo ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... postrema (AP)) or through endothelial receptors that trigger the release of mediators that subsequently cross the blood–brain barrier (for example, nitric oxide and prostaglandins41,75). These transendothelial mechanisms operate in the hypothalamus, the RVLM and the NTS. Freely diffusible hormones ( ...
... postrema (AP)) or through endothelial receptors that trigger the release of mediators that subsequently cross the blood–brain barrier (for example, nitric oxide and prostaglandins41,75). These transendothelial mechanisms operate in the hypothalamus, the RVLM and the NTS. Freely diffusible hormones ( ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... the "central gray") is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. • It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. • The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG ...
... the "central gray") is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. • It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. • The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG ...
The evolution of nervous system centralization
... annelids and vertebrates share a pax6C column at similar mediolateral level that likewise extends up to the forebrain (violet in figure 2; Denes et al. 2007). In both groups, the medial portion of the pax6C column overlaps the nk6C column (yellow in figure 2). Adding to this, annelids and vertebrate ...
... annelids and vertebrates share a pax6C column at similar mediolateral level that likewise extends up to the forebrain (violet in figure 2; Denes et al. 2007). In both groups, the medial portion of the pax6C column overlaps the nk6C column (yellow in figure 2). Adding to this, annelids and vertebrate ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). DA is one of catecholamine neurotransmitters. There are neurons which use it as neurohormone. These neurons take up tyrosine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) ...
... factor which is released into the portal blood and inhibits the PRL secretion. Soon it was realized that this inhibiting factor is dopamine (DA). DA is one of catecholamine neurotransmitters. There are neurons which use it as neurohormone. These neurons take up tyrosine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) ...
Laboratory 7: Medulla
... as a large number of secondary fibers from the vestibular nuclei. Damage to this region causes disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The midd ...
... as a large number of secondary fibers from the vestibular nuclei. Damage to this region causes disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The midd ...
Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory
... Neurosecretory centres in animal brains use peptidergic signalling to influence physiology and behaviour. Understanding neurosecretory centre function requires mapping cell types, synapses, and peptidergic networks. Here we use electron microscopy and gene expression mapping to analyse the synaptic ...
... Neurosecretory centres in animal brains use peptidergic signalling to influence physiology and behaviour. Understanding neurosecretory centre function requires mapping cell types, synapses, and peptidergic networks. Here we use electron microscopy and gene expression mapping to analyse the synaptic ...
Hypothalamus - aHuman Project
... • TRPV1 channels open, leading to depolarisation and eventually firing of (OVLT) neurons (graded response) • (OVLT) neurons make monosynaptic glutamatergic contacts with supra-optic nuclei neurons • This promotes firing of ADH-releasing neurons and hence ADH release • ADH releasing neurons are intri ...
... • TRPV1 channels open, leading to depolarisation and eventually firing of (OVLT) neurons (graded response) • (OVLT) neurons make monosynaptic glutamatergic contacts with supra-optic nuclei neurons • This promotes firing of ADH-releasing neurons and hence ADH release • ADH releasing neurons are intri ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.