EVOLUTIONARY AUTONOMOUS AGENTS: A NEUROSCIENCE
... interneurons. Finally, the synaptic connections formed in some of the evolved agents were, at least to some extent, similar to those observed in the real lamprey12. These results were obtained using fitness (optimization) functions that explicitly express the desired outcome. However, interesting bi ...
... interneurons. Finally, the synaptic connections formed in some of the evolved agents were, at least to some extent, similar to those observed in the real lamprey12. These results were obtained using fitness (optimization) functions that explicitly express the desired outcome. However, interesting bi ...
Finding a face in the crowd: parallel and serial neural mechanisms
... Buneo, 2002), leaving object recognition mechanisms in the temporal cortex with only a single relevant stimulus at a time (Desimone and Duncan, 1995). However, in most common visual scenes, viewers rarely know the specific location of the relevant object in advance — instead, they must search for it, ...
... Buneo, 2002), leaving object recognition mechanisms in the temporal cortex with only a single relevant stimulus at a time (Desimone and Duncan, 1995). However, in most common visual scenes, viewers rarely know the specific location of the relevant object in advance — instead, they must search for it, ...
Dynamic computation in a recurrent network of heterogeneous
... The shape of h∆2r(t)i (inset of Fig. 3) provides further evidence that, in this particular network state, clusters diffuse in a confined area. Indeed, over short time intervals (10 to 50ms), the mean-squared displacement varies linearly with time. In other words, the expected distance a cluster will ...
... The shape of h∆2r(t)i (inset of Fig. 3) provides further evidence that, in this particular network state, clusters diffuse in a confined area. Indeed, over short time intervals (10 to 50ms), the mean-squared displacement varies linearly with time. In other words, the expected distance a cluster will ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... The first cellular mechanism for the genesis of spindle oscillations was proposed by Andersen and Eccles in 1962. From intracellular recordings from TC relay neurons during spindles, they reported that TC cells fired bursts of action potentials interleaved with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IP ...
... The first cellular mechanism for the genesis of spindle oscillations was proposed by Andersen and Eccles in 1962. From intracellular recordings from TC relay neurons during spindles, they reported that TC cells fired bursts of action potentials interleaved with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IP ...
Identification of neural circuits involved in female genital responses
... Baltimore. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250 –350 g; Zivic Miller) were deeply anesthetized with chloral hydrate (4% wt/vol ip) and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. The skull was adjusted so that bregma and lambda were on a horizontal plane. A small craniotomy was made, and a glass micropipette (25– ...
... Baltimore. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250 –350 g; Zivic Miller) were deeply anesthetized with chloral hydrate (4% wt/vol ip) and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. The skull was adjusted so that bregma and lambda were on a horizontal plane. A small craniotomy was made, and a glass micropipette (25– ...
Got diversity? Wiring the fly brain with Dscam
... each block of alternative exons (Figure 2a). Thus, mechanisms must ensure that an exon from each alternative block is spliced into an mRNA and, furthermore, that only one exon from each block is included. Work from Graveley and colleagues [39–42] suggests that the mechanisms that control splicing mi ...
... each block of alternative exons (Figure 2a). Thus, mechanisms must ensure that an exon from each alternative block is spliced into an mRNA and, furthermore, that only one exon from each block is included. Work from Graveley and colleagues [39–42] suggests that the mechanisms that control splicing mi ...
Physiology Lecture Outline: Membrane Potential and Neurophysiology
... 2) The movement of K+ ions alone: If it is assumed that K+ ions are freely permeable, with no restrictions to its movement, then K+ ions will move back and forth across the membrane until the Electrochemical Gradient has Equilibrated. The value of the voltage across the membrane for the Equilibrium ...
... 2) The movement of K+ ions alone: If it is assumed that K+ ions are freely permeable, with no restrictions to its movement, then K+ ions will move back and forth across the membrane until the Electrochemical Gradient has Equilibrated. The value of the voltage across the membrane for the Equilibrium ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... responses from view-variant ones with selectivity for different views. However, given that mirror neurons by definition have well-defined motor tuning properties, and thus are motor neurons, this explanation captures only a part of their possible computational role. It seems likely that such neurons ...
... responses from view-variant ones with selectivity for different views. However, given that mirror neurons by definition have well-defined motor tuning properties, and thus are motor neurons, this explanation captures only a part of their possible computational role. It seems likely that such neurons ...
A & P 240: Overview of the Human Nervous System
... integrated and correlated, thoughts and emotions are generated, and muscles are stimulated to contract and glands to secrete via outgoing nerve impulses. 4. The PNS consists of 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves emerging from the Brain and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves emerging from the Spinal Cord. These nerve ...
... integrated and correlated, thoughts and emotions are generated, and muscles are stimulated to contract and glands to secrete via outgoing nerve impulses. 4. The PNS consists of 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves emerging from the Brain and 31 pairs of Spinal Nerves emerging from the Spinal Cord. These nerve ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... response to innocuous mechanical and cold stimulation). Several abnormalities were found in the distribution and response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats. First, 17% of the recorded neurons (vs. 0% in control animals) had no receptive field. Most of these units were ...
... response to innocuous mechanical and cold stimulation). Several abnormalities were found in the distribution and response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons in chronic allodynic rats. First, 17% of the recorded neurons (vs. 0% in control animals) had no receptive field. Most of these units were ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... and movement of the visual world. There is accumulating evidence that the neuronal basis for these eye movements is distributed over visual cortical areas in addition to distinct pretectal and brainstem nuclei from where the visual information is transferred to the cerebellum and further oculomotor ...
... and movement of the visual world. There is accumulating evidence that the neuronal basis for these eye movements is distributed over visual cortical areas in addition to distinct pretectal and brainstem nuclei from where the visual information is transferred to the cerebellum and further oculomotor ...
Curriculum Vitae
... Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, & Cardiovascular Research Institute, ETSU, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, ...
... Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology, & Cardiovascular Research Institute, ETSU, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... Action is controlled by both cognition and motivation4,5, and motivational states vary considerably. The same action can lead to different reward outcomes in different behavioral contexts. Both neural and behavioral responses (for example, speed of action) may co-vary with such motivational changes, ...
... Action is controlled by both cognition and motivation4,5, and motivational states vary considerably. The same action can lead to different reward outcomes in different behavioral contexts. Both neural and behavioral responses (for example, speed of action) may co-vary with such motivational changes, ...
From neuroanatomy to behavior: central integration of peripheral
... disease states such as obesity and type II diabetes may have been VOLUME 15 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 nature neuroscience ...
... disease states such as obesity and type II diabetes may have been VOLUME 15 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2012 nature neuroscience ...
Visual Information and Eye Movement Control in Human Cerebral
... boundary in humans is significantly further anterior than the precentral sulcus. However, since the application of electrical stimulation induces eye movement over a wide area ranging from the anterior of the precentral sulcus to the anterior bank of the central sulcus, previously researchers were a ...
... boundary in humans is significantly further anterior than the precentral sulcus. However, since the application of electrical stimulation induces eye movement over a wide area ranging from the anterior of the precentral sulcus to the anterior bank of the central sulcus, previously researchers were a ...
On the Role of Biophysical Properties of Cortical Neurons in Binding
... Neuroscience is progressing vigorously, and knowledge at different levels of description is rapidly accumulating. To establish relationships between results found at these different levels is one of the central challenges. In this simulation study, we demonstrate how microscopic cellular properties, ...
... Neuroscience is progressing vigorously, and knowledge at different levels of description is rapidly accumulating. To establish relationships between results found at these different levels is one of the central challenges. In this simulation study, we demonstrate how microscopic cellular properties, ...
Volume and Number of Neurons of the Human
... the delineated subdivisions of the HF were made according to the classic mathematical principle of Cavalieri (1966): The volume of an object is the sum of the areas of individual profiles of the object on a set of systematically positioned parallel sections through the object (with random placement ...
... the delineated subdivisions of the HF were made according to the classic mathematical principle of Cavalieri (1966): The volume of an object is the sum of the areas of individual profiles of the object on a set of systematically positioned parallel sections through the object (with random placement ...
Initiation of the arousal response
... and/or current emotional and experiential problems was also strong. ] ...
... and/or current emotional and experiential problems was also strong. ] ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... Introduction Electrical stimulation of neuronal elements has been widely employed as a tool in the study of brain physiology for over a century. When axons are directly activated, the action potential can propagate back to the cell body and produce an antidromic activation, which has been used to st ...
... Introduction Electrical stimulation of neuronal elements has been widely employed as a tool in the study of brain physiology for over a century. When axons are directly activated, the action potential can propagate back to the cell body and produce an antidromic activation, which has been used to st ...
Lecture 6 - Wiki Index
... a combination of heart rate, levels of various substances in the blood, respiration rate) can be monitored. The onset of a particular medical condition could be associated with a very complex (e.g., nonlinear and interactive) combination of changes on a subset of the variables being monitored. Neura ...
... a combination of heart rate, levels of various substances in the blood, respiration rate) can be monitored. The onset of a particular medical condition could be associated with a very complex (e.g., nonlinear and interactive) combination of changes on a subset of the variables being monitored. Neura ...
Stochastic fluctuations of the synaptic function
... synapses produced quantal Excitatory PostSynaptic Currents (EPSCs) with peak amplitudes having a 5-65 pA range. The histogram of the peak amplitudes showed a long right tail. If the variability of the postsynaptic response observed in hippocampal neurons should be extended to all the neurons of brai ...
... synapses produced quantal Excitatory PostSynaptic Currents (EPSCs) with peak amplitudes having a 5-65 pA range. The histogram of the peak amplitudes showed a long right tail. If the variability of the postsynaptic response observed in hippocampal neurons should be extended to all the neurons of brai ...
chapter_1
... resonance theory (ART) Sivilotti, Mahowald, and Mead (1987) The first VLSI realization of neural networks. Broomhead and Lowe (1988) First exploitation of radial basis function in designing neural networks. ...
... resonance theory (ART) Sivilotti, Mahowald, and Mead (1987) The first VLSI realization of neural networks. Broomhead and Lowe (1988) First exploitation of radial basis function in designing neural networks. ...
Dynamic Computation in a Recurrent Network of Heterogeneous
... In contrast, networks with heterogeneous neurons tend to bias the locations where clusters reside. Clusters do not wander Previous attempts to model such networks in software have nta indt h oain htmxmz freely bt asacrificed low-level details that are known to affect cluster their local recurrent fe ...
... In contrast, networks with heterogeneous neurons tend to bias the locations where clusters reside. Clusters do not wander Previous attempts to model such networks in software have nta indt h oain htmxmz freely bt asacrificed low-level details that are known to affect cluster their local recurrent fe ...
criteria of artificial neural network in reconition of pattern and image
... most commonly used family of neural networks for pattern classification tasks [2] is the feed-forward network, which includes multilayer perceptron and Radial-Basis Function (RBF) networks. Another popular network is the Self-Organizing Map (SOM), or Kohonen-Network [3], which is mainly used for dat ...
... most commonly used family of neural networks for pattern classification tasks [2] is the feed-forward network, which includes multilayer perceptron and Radial-Basis Function (RBF) networks. Another popular network is the Self-Organizing Map (SOM), or Kohonen-Network [3], which is mainly used for dat ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.