Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... 1975; Petrides and Iversen 1976). Electrophysiological studies in the PFCdl of monkeys have revealed delay-related neuronal activity during the performance of DR and delayed alternation (DA) tasks in manual (Carlson et al. 1990; Fuster 1973; Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kojima and GoldmanRakic 1984; K ...
... 1975; Petrides and Iversen 1976). Electrophysiological studies in the PFCdl of monkeys have revealed delay-related neuronal activity during the performance of DR and delayed alternation (DA) tasks in manual (Carlson et al. 1990; Fuster 1973; Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kojima and GoldmanRakic 1984; K ...
1. Materials and Methods
... post-hoc analyses were performed to check differences between individual conditions. In particular, a comparison of the responses to the best and less effective action during the late epoch of the sound-only condition was used to test if a neuron could differentiate between two actions based on soun ...
... post-hoc analyses were performed to check differences between individual conditions. In particular, a comparison of the responses to the best and less effective action during the late epoch of the sound-only condition was used to test if a neuron could differentiate between two actions based on soun ...
The Role of Dorsal Columns Pathway in Visceral Pain
... these neurons (30 %) responded to noxious mechanical stimuli, no response could be elicited after cutaneous thermal stimulation. It was therefore suggested that these neurons in rats are not primarily involved in pain transmission. However, activation of PSDC neurons by noxious visceral stimuli in r ...
... these neurons (30 %) responded to noxious mechanical stimuli, no response could be elicited after cutaneous thermal stimulation. It was therefore suggested that these neurons in rats are not primarily involved in pain transmission. However, activation of PSDC neurons by noxious visceral stimuli in r ...
Cell Surface Molecules Containing IV
... identity of the stained neurons known, since the labeling included cell bodies and dendrites, but not axons. As a first step towards defining molecular and structural relationships for cortical local circuit neurons, we have studied the morphology of cells exhibiting surface GalNac-containing molecu ...
... identity of the stained neurons known, since the labeling included cell bodies and dendrites, but not axons. As a first step towards defining molecular and structural relationships for cortical local circuit neurons, we have studied the morphology of cells exhibiting surface GalNac-containing molecu ...
Detecting Action Potentials in Neuronal Populations with Calcium
... the distribution of information (5). To properly distinguish between these, or other, types of circuit models, it is necessary to characterize the circuit dynamics by reconstructing the activity of the network (6). A direct approach to reveal the circuit dynamics is the use of multielectrode recordi ...
... the distribution of information (5). To properly distinguish between these, or other, types of circuit models, it is necessary to characterize the circuit dynamics by reconstructing the activity of the network (6). A direct approach to reveal the circuit dynamics is the use of multielectrode recordi ...
The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy. By
... ‐‐ Primary olfactory cortex: (no relay in thalamus) paleocortical cortex: Piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, part of entorhinal cortex. ‐‐ Olfactory association cortex: on orbital surface of frontal lobe, receives direct projection from primary olfactory cortex or via dorsome ...
... ‐‐ Primary olfactory cortex: (no relay in thalamus) paleocortical cortex: Piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, part of entorhinal cortex. ‐‐ Olfactory association cortex: on orbital surface of frontal lobe, receives direct projection from primary olfactory cortex or via dorsome ...
Olfactory Epithelium
... covered by an olfactory epithelium. The underlying lamina propria houses serous fluid– secreting Bowman’s glands, a rich vascular plexus, and collections of axons that arise from the olfactory cells of the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is composed of three types of cells: olfactory, ...
... covered by an olfactory epithelium. The underlying lamina propria houses serous fluid– secreting Bowman’s glands, a rich vascular plexus, and collections of axons that arise from the olfactory cells of the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory epithelium is composed of three types of cells: olfactory, ...
download file
... over more than a century (2). Recently, behavioral relevance has been shown to directly modulate representational plasticity in cortical learning models (3, 4). The cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) has been implicated in this modulation of learning and memory. The NB is uniquely positioned to provid ...
... over more than a century (2). Recently, behavioral relevance has been shown to directly modulate representational plasticity in cortical learning models (3, 4). The cholinergic nucleus basalis (NB) has been implicated in this modulation of learning and memory. The NB is uniquely positioned to provid ...
Neural Networks – State of Art, Brief History, Basic Models and
... rediscovered in 1986 with the book Learning Internal Representation by Error Propagation by Rumelhart et al. [12]. Backpropagation is a form of a gradient descent algorithm used with artificial neural networks for error minimization. By 1985 the American Institute of Physics began what has become an ...
... rediscovered in 1986 with the book Learning Internal Representation by Error Propagation by Rumelhart et al. [12]. Backpropagation is a form of a gradient descent algorithm used with artificial neural networks for error minimization. By 1985 the American Institute of Physics began what has become an ...
Rapid Alterations in Diffusion-weighted Images with Anatomic
... at 24 hours. The retrosplenial cortex shows a decrease in ADC that peaks at 12 hours but returns to control levels by 24 hours. ...
... at 24 hours. The retrosplenial cortex shows a decrease in ADC that peaks at 12 hours but returns to control levels by 24 hours. ...
2605_lect9
... the release of neurotrophins • Some neural circuits are spontaneously active and this activity is needed for normal development ...
... the release of neurotrophins • Some neural circuits are spontaneously active and this activity is needed for normal development ...
The Nervous System
... Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given the diversity of functions performed by neurons in different parts of the nervous system, there is, as expected, a wide variety in the shape, size, and electrochemical properties of neurons. For instance, t ...
... Neurons are highly specialized for the processing and transmission of cellular signals. Given the diversity of functions performed by neurons in different parts of the nervous system, there is, as expected, a wide variety in the shape, size, and electrochemical properties of neurons. For instance, t ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/005320946_1-6eb469e446a066f466aecf70147008ff-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... fibers and thus have the capacity to receive input from those fibers and their multiple sources. From the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain, the reticular neurons acquire converging inputs from different sources including peripheral sensory systems relaying somatic or visceral sensory, ...
... fibers and thus have the capacity to receive input from those fibers and their multiple sources. From the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain, the reticular neurons acquire converging inputs from different sources including peripheral sensory systems relaying somatic or visceral sensory, ...
Nervous Systems
... brainbow technology, neuroscientists hope to develop detailed maps of the connections that transfer information between particular regions of the brain. Another breakthrough came with the development of powerful imaging techniques that reveal activity in the working brain. Researchers can monitor mu ...
... brainbow technology, neuroscientists hope to develop detailed maps of the connections that transfer information between particular regions of the brain. Another breakthrough came with the development of powerful imaging techniques that reveal activity in the working brain. Researchers can monitor mu ...
Steroids CLASS COPY
... cells. Once in the cytoplasm, the steroids bind to specific receptors and then enter the nucleus of the cells. The steroid-receptor complex is then able to alter the functioning of the genetic material and stimulate the production of new proteins. It is these proteins that carry out the effects of t ...
... cells. Once in the cytoplasm, the steroids bind to specific receptors and then enter the nucleus of the cells. The steroid-receptor complex is then able to alter the functioning of the genetic material and stimulate the production of new proteins. It is these proteins that carry out the effects of t ...
Hippocampus, hippocampal sclerosis and epilepsy
... neurotransmitter action on ionotropic receptors is hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and the release of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), and excitatory neurotransmitter - its depolarization and release of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). The ability to generate action pote ...
... neurotransmitter action on ionotropic receptors is hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane and the release of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), and excitatory neurotransmitter - its depolarization and release of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). The ability to generate action pote ...
Sensory feedback for upper limb prostheses
... once came from the hand are moved to target tissues in the upper chest. After the skin has become reinnervated, touching the skin evokes the perception that the missing hand is being touched. To produce percepts that are useful to the user, the skin on the chest can then be stimulated using mechanic ...
... once came from the hand are moved to target tissues in the upper chest. After the skin has become reinnervated, touching the skin evokes the perception that the missing hand is being touched. To produce percepts that are useful to the user, the skin on the chest can then be stimulated using mechanic ...
Ascending tracts
... lower motor neurons ( LMN ) motor neurons that innervate the voluntary muscles • in anterior gray column of spinal cord / • motor nuclei of brainstem – innervate skeletal muscles ...
... lower motor neurons ( LMN ) motor neurons that innervate the voluntary muscles • in anterior gray column of spinal cord / • motor nuclei of brainstem – innervate skeletal muscles ...
supplemental figures
... with sustained attention. (a) Trend of normalized fano factor in correct trials of all recorded neurons at the three TSI values aligned to the time from trigger. (b) Comparisons in fano factor among different time windows (see Fig. 3 for definitions of time windows) (one-way ANOVA: BA, DA, and AA: F ...
... with sustained attention. (a) Trend of normalized fano factor in correct trials of all recorded neurons at the three TSI values aligned to the time from trigger. (b) Comparisons in fano factor among different time windows (see Fig. 3 for definitions of time windows) (one-way ANOVA: BA, DA, and AA: F ...
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. In mice, several different types of DSGCs connect to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)4–6, the visual thalamic structure that harbours cortical relay neurons. Whether direction-selecti ...
... downstream circuitry in the brain and thus their contribution to visual processing has remained unclear. In mice, several different types of DSGCs connect to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN)4–6, the visual thalamic structure that harbours cortical relay neurons. Whether direction-selecti ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... of the three iN factors. Based on titering with a control virus encoding GFP, we determined that each factor was expressed in >95% of the fibroblasts. Encouragingly, a small number of Hb9::GFP+ cells were observed at 35 days posttransduction; however, they did not possess a normal neuronal morpholog ...
... of the three iN factors. Based on titering with a control virus encoding GFP, we determined that each factor was expressed in >95% of the fibroblasts. Encouragingly, a small number of Hb9::GFP+ cells were observed at 35 days posttransduction; however, they did not possess a normal neuronal morpholog ...
Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral
... to 30%, embedded in celloidin, and processed serially at 35 m on a modified large-specimen microtome (Jacobs et al., 1971, 1979, 1984). The hemisphere of the humpback whale was cut in the sagittal plane relative to the beak-fluke axis, whereas the blocks from the beluga brain were cut into the corona ...
... to 30%, embedded in celloidin, and processed serially at 35 m on a modified large-specimen microtome (Jacobs et al., 1971, 1979, 1984). The hemisphere of the humpback whale was cut in the sagittal plane relative to the beak-fluke axis, whereas the blocks from the beluga brain were cut into the corona ...
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and their Derivatives for
... method to deliver exogenous pluripotency factors [15,22]. With this system, hiPSC colonies could be observed after ~25-30 days post-transduction and the efficiency was around 0.01–0.02% for human cells [15]. However, retroviruses can only transduce proliferating cells as opposed to lentiviruses, whi ...
... method to deliver exogenous pluripotency factors [15,22]. With this system, hiPSC colonies could be observed after ~25-30 days post-transduction and the efficiency was around 0.01–0.02% for human cells [15]. However, retroviruses can only transduce proliferating cells as opposed to lentiviruses, whi ...
SI Wednesday November 5, 2008
... C. There are no ventral or dorsal roots in this region D. There are no nerve cell bodies in this region 8. In order for the left frontal cortex to govern motor activity in the right leg (through synapsing on alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn), axon tracts must ______ somewhere along the way. A ...
... C. There are no ventral or dorsal roots in this region D. There are no nerve cell bodies in this region 8. In order for the left frontal cortex to govern motor activity in the right leg (through synapsing on alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn), axon tracts must ______ somewhere along the way. A ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.