Hypothalamus - aHuman Project
... • TRPV1 channels open, leading to depolarisation and eventually firing of (OVLT) neurons (graded response) • (OVLT) neurons make monosynaptic glutamatergic contacts with supra-optic nuclei neurons • This promotes firing of ADH-releasing neurons and hence ADH release • ADH releasing neurons are intri ...
... • TRPV1 channels open, leading to depolarisation and eventually firing of (OVLT) neurons (graded response) • (OVLT) neurons make monosynaptic glutamatergic contacts with supra-optic nuclei neurons • This promotes firing of ADH-releasing neurons and hence ADH release • ADH releasing neurons are intri ...
Basal Ganglia
... Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus or pallidum. The improvement gained from these electrical stimulating techniques depends on the location of the stimula ...
... Recently, it has been demonstrated that some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be reduced or alleviated by stimulating implants placed in the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus or pallidum. The improvement gained from these electrical stimulating techniques depends on the location of the stimula ...
Laboratory 7: Medulla
... as a large number of secondary fibers from the vestibular nuclei. Damage to this region causes disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The midd ...
... as a large number of secondary fibers from the vestibular nuclei. Damage to this region causes disequilibrium and vertigo, as well as problems with coordinating slow eye movements. 10. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle: The superior cerebellar peduncle is the major output path of the cerebellum. The midd ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... molecules. However, they have diverse structures and somehow those different structures are perceived as having different odors (Figure 1). The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory system, a system that is characterized by exquisite sensitivity and discriminatory power. Even a slight change i ...
... molecules. However, they have diverse structures and somehow those different structures are perceived as having different odors (Figure 1). The sense of smell is mediated by the olfactory system, a system that is characterized by exquisite sensitivity and discriminatory power. Even a slight change i ...
A Stereoscopic Look at Visual Cortex
... and receives extensive inputs from the dorsal stream (Baizer et al. 1991; Saleem et al. 2000), leaving open the possibility that the relevant processing is happening in dorsal cortex and is later relayed to ventral cortex. Three very recent papers now provide us with a clearer picture. They indicate ...
... and receives extensive inputs from the dorsal stream (Baizer et al. 1991; Saleem et al. 2000), leaving open the possibility that the relevant processing is happening in dorsal cortex and is later relayed to ventral cortex. Three very recent papers now provide us with a clearer picture. They indicate ...
Visual and presaccadic activity in area 8Ar of the macaque monkey
... receptive fields were modulated by target contrast exhibiting sigmoid tuning curves that ...
... receptive fields were modulated by target contrast exhibiting sigmoid tuning curves that ...
Evolution of Association Pallial Areas: In Birds E
... proposed changes to the avian brain nomenclature and renamed many avian telencephalic structures [3,5]. The classical avian brain nomenclature dated back to 1900 and was based on Edinger’s model of brain evolution. According to his formulation, vertebrate brain evolution consisted of a series of add ...
... proposed changes to the avian brain nomenclature and renamed many avian telencephalic structures [3,5]. The classical avian brain nomenclature dated back to 1900 and was based on Edinger’s model of brain evolution. According to his formulation, vertebrate brain evolution consisted of a series of add ...
Perception of an odour that is not real
... Some fibres decussate in the anterior commisure Medial strial fibres contact the anterior olfactory nucleus and septal area Lateral striae end in the third order neurons of the olfactory cortex Third order neurons in turn send projections to Dorso-medial nucleus of thalamus ...
... Some fibres decussate in the anterior commisure Medial strial fibres contact the anterior olfactory nucleus and septal area Lateral striae end in the third order neurons of the olfactory cortex Third order neurons in turn send projections to Dorso-medial nucleus of thalamus ...
The Hypothalamus and Human Nervous System: A Primer
... (MCS) is a real physiological disorder with an unknown origin. However, numerous theories have been proposed leaving one wondering where to start in their search for the root cause of MCS. I also proposed that MCS could very well be the result of a dysfunctional hypothalamus, a structure found deep ...
... (MCS) is a real physiological disorder with an unknown origin. However, numerous theories have been proposed leaving one wondering where to start in their search for the root cause of MCS. I also proposed that MCS could very well be the result of a dysfunctional hypothalamus, a structure found deep ...
The Brain of the Planarian as the Ancestor of the Human Brain
... 'tight junction' synapses without chemical transmitters also are found, and are abundant in other simple species of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Electrophysiology of the planarian brain Vertebrates and invertebrates differ fundamentally in the character of spontaneous electrical activity gene ...
... 'tight junction' synapses without chemical transmitters also are found, and are abundant in other simple species of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Electrophysiology of the planarian brain Vertebrates and invertebrates differ fundamentally in the character of spontaneous electrical activity gene ...
Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling 48.1: Neuron
... Saltatory conduction = mechanism for action potential propagation where action potential jumps along axon from node to node Space efficient: makes smaller axons that are mylinated more efficient ...
... Saltatory conduction = mechanism for action potential propagation where action potential jumps along axon from node to node Space efficient: makes smaller axons that are mylinated more efficient ...
HECTtype E3 ubiquitin ligases in nerve cell development and
... Based on their mode of action, two families of E3 ligases are distinguished, i.e. the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) and the Homologous to E6-AP C-terminus (HECT) type. Whereas RING type enzymes bring the ubiquitin-E2 complex into the molecular vicinity of the substrate and facilitate ubiquitin ...
... Based on their mode of action, two families of E3 ligases are distinguished, i.e. the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) and the Homologous to E6-AP C-terminus (HECT) type. Whereas RING type enzymes bring the ubiquitin-E2 complex into the molecular vicinity of the substrate and facilitate ubiquitin ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
PDF
... that the same neurons encode space in eye-centered coordinates (see [24,38*]). Our view is that these parietal neurons do not form any single spatial coordinate system; rather they carry the raw information necessary for other brain areas to construct spatial coordinate systems [U’]. Neural network ...
... that the same neurons encode space in eye-centered coordinates (see [24,38*]). Our view is that these parietal neurons do not form any single spatial coordinate system; rather they carry the raw information necessary for other brain areas to construct spatial coordinate systems [U’]. Neural network ...
nips2.frame - /marty/papers/drotdil
... movement, object, and scene recognition under noisy conditions--feats we would like to copy with artificial networks. We are just beginning to understand how biological networks are wired up during development and during learning in the adult. Even at this stage, however, it is clear that explicit e ...
... movement, object, and scene recognition under noisy conditions--feats we would like to copy with artificial networks. We are just beginning to understand how biological networks are wired up during development and during learning in the adult. Even at this stage, however, it is clear that explicit e ...
Biological Vision
... Now, the bipolar cell is strongly inhibited, with no excitation. In response to this strong silencing of the bipolar cell, the ganglion cell shuts down as well. It will not turn on again until the light is turned off, at which time you will see a rebound "off-response". This is an ON-center cell. Th ...
... Now, the bipolar cell is strongly inhibited, with no excitation. In response to this strong silencing of the bipolar cell, the ganglion cell shuts down as well. It will not turn on again until the light is turned off, at which time you will see a rebound "off-response". This is an ON-center cell. Th ...
Drug-activation of brain reward pathways
... 1994.. Stimulation of the medial or sulcal prefrontal cortex, on the other hand, causes different behavioral side effects than } and has rewarding effects that are different in some ways to the rewarding effects of medial forebrain bundle stimulation ŽMcGregor et al., 1992.. Stimulation of such vari ...
... 1994.. Stimulation of the medial or sulcal prefrontal cortex, on the other hand, causes different behavioral side effects than } and has rewarding effects that are different in some ways to the rewarding effects of medial forebrain bundle stimulation ŽMcGregor et al., 1992.. Stimulation of such vari ...
The Elementary Nervous System Revisited1
... evolved from tissues whose cells were already connected by pathways serving for metabolic exchange and electrical current flow, making cell to cell propagation of action potentials possible. Nerves, with their elongated form and functional isolation from surrounding tissues, would have arisen in res ...
... evolved from tissues whose cells were already connected by pathways serving for metabolic exchange and electrical current flow, making cell to cell propagation of action potentials possible. Nerves, with their elongated form and functional isolation from surrounding tissues, would have arisen in res ...
File
... In the CNS, the myelin sheath is formed by _____________________________________________. o One ________________________________________ forms the myelin sheath for ________________________________________. o The nucleus is located _____________ from the myelin sheath and outward ___________________ ...
... In the CNS, the myelin sheath is formed by _____________________________________________. o One ________________________________________ forms the myelin sheath for ________________________________________. o The nucleus is located _____________ from the myelin sheath and outward ___________________ ...
Stat 6601 Project: Neural Networks (V&R 6.3)
... A broad class of models that mimic functioning inside the human brain ...
... A broad class of models that mimic functioning inside the human brain ...
VI. The vertebrate nervous system is a hierarchy of structural and
... • The undershoot phase is a time when the membrane potential is temporarily more negative than the resting state (hyperpolarized); sodium channels remain closed but potassium channels remain open since the inactivation gates have not had time to respond to repolarization of the membrane. A refractor ...
... • The undershoot phase is a time when the membrane potential is temporarily more negative than the resting state (hyperpolarized); sodium channels remain closed but potassium channels remain open since the inactivation gates have not had time to respond to repolarization of the membrane. A refractor ...
Neurotransmitters
... • Bind with G protein–coupled receptors in the brain • Lipid soluble • Synthesized on demand • NO involved in learning and formation of new memories; brain damage in stroke patients, smooth muscle relaxation in intestine • H2s acts directly on ion channels to alter function ...
... • Bind with G protein–coupled receptors in the brain • Lipid soluble • Synthesized on demand • NO involved in learning and formation of new memories; brain damage in stroke patients, smooth muscle relaxation in intestine • H2s acts directly on ion channels to alter function ...
Unit 2, the Brain
... Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game. ...
... Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game. ...
2 slides/page - University of San Diego Home Pages
... in response to some environmental factor. • Permits organisms to tolerate temperatures one season that would be fatal or sub-optimal in another. ...
... in response to some environmental factor. • Permits organisms to tolerate temperatures one season that would be fatal or sub-optimal in another. ...
"I`ll see it when I believe it!"*: Investigating Nervous System
... germplasm and contrasting discontinuity that animal behavior was either immedi(mortality) of the somatoplasm of the indi- ately or ultimately all reproductive behavvidual animal organism. While zoologists ior (Marler and Hamilton, 1967). It could today could scarcely be found to subscribe be argued ...
... germplasm and contrasting discontinuity that animal behavior was either immedi(mortality) of the somatoplasm of the indi- ately or ultimately all reproductive behavvidual animal organism. While zoologists ior (Marler and Hamilton, 1967). It could today could scarcely be found to subscribe be argued ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.