The structure and connexions of neurons
... The grains are little nervous elements with several fine dendrites ending in a digitiform ramification, and having an extraordinarily delicate axon (a in Fig. 5). This nerve prolongation ascends to the plexiform layer, and bifurcating at different heights produces a very delicate so-called parallel ...
... The grains are little nervous elements with several fine dendrites ending in a digitiform ramification, and having an extraordinarily delicate axon (a in Fig. 5). This nerve prolongation ascends to the plexiform layer, and bifurcating at different heights produces a very delicate so-called parallel ...
Hypothalamus
... centres’ in different portions of the hypothalamus that were thought to regulate opposite components of the sleep– wake cycle. These studies were based upon the loss of function that resulted from lesions of different portions of the hypothalamus in animals, and suggested that the rostral hypothalamus ...
... centres’ in different portions of the hypothalamus that were thought to regulate opposite components of the sleep– wake cycle. These studies were based upon the loss of function that resulted from lesions of different portions of the hypothalamus in animals, and suggested that the rostral hypothalamus ...
Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System
... neurons, the communication links among the neurons in the nervous system allow for a highly sophisticated communication system. When the electrical impulse from the action potential reaches the end of the axon, it signals the terminal buttons to release neurotransmitters into the synapse. A neurotr ...
... neurons, the communication links among the neurons in the nervous system allow for a highly sophisticated communication system. When the electrical impulse from the action potential reaches the end of the axon, it signals the terminal buttons to release neurotransmitters into the synapse. A neurotr ...
file
... causing significantly lower maximum following rates (Fig. 2b and c). In the remaining animal, 75% of sites showed strong facilitation to both 5- and 10-pps stimuli, but poor responses to stimuli repeated at 7.5 pps (data not shown). Thus NB-induced plasticity reliably increased the strength of the c ...
... causing significantly lower maximum following rates (Fig. 2b and c). In the remaining animal, 75% of sites showed strong facilitation to both 5- and 10-pps stimuli, but poor responses to stimuli repeated at 7.5 pps (data not shown). Thus NB-induced plasticity reliably increased the strength of the c ...
A4a - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... in motor neurons, cell portion with lowest threshold is initial segment (axon portion at and just beyond axon hillock) - it is first part of neuron to fire (t.y. suminiai membranos potencialai iki jo turi ateiti pasyviai – elektrotoniškai); discharge is propagated in two directions: 1) down axon ( ...
... in motor neurons, cell portion with lowest threshold is initial segment (axon portion at and just beyond axon hillock) - it is first part of neuron to fire (t.y. suminiai membranos potencialai iki jo turi ateiti pasyviai – elektrotoniškai); discharge is propagated in two directions: 1) down axon ( ...
Study Guide - WordPress.com
... Parasympathetic: involuntary; heart, lungs, arteries. 6. A reflex arc is a pathway that moves in the shape of an arch from the sensory neuron, through the spinal cord, and out a motor neuron. 7. Functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system are those that are automatic, involuntary, and occur ...
... Parasympathetic: involuntary; heart, lungs, arteries. 6. A reflex arc is a pathway that moves in the shape of an arch from the sensory neuron, through the spinal cord, and out a motor neuron. 7. Functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system are those that are automatic, involuntary, and occur ...
Computational Psychiatry Seminar: Spring 2014 Week 11: The
... Modulators of decision making Factors that affect decisions and learning Needs and desires. The utility curve f should reflect the decision maker’s physiological or economic needs. The utility of any amount exceeding the maximal consumption should also saturate. Thus utility functions often have si ...
... Modulators of decision making Factors that affect decisions and learning Needs and desires. The utility curve f should reflect the decision maker’s physiological or economic needs. The utility of any amount exceeding the maximal consumption should also saturate. Thus utility functions often have si ...
Amsterdam Brn Adapt View P3
... There is a long tradition, traceable to the early musings of Ramon y Cajal, of focusing upon the neuron as the only plastic cell type of any importance within the brain, and upon the synapse as the only important plastic aspect regulating the interactions among neurons. While neuronal plasticity is ...
... There is a long tradition, traceable to the early musings of Ramon y Cajal, of focusing upon the neuron as the only plastic cell type of any importance within the brain, and upon the synapse as the only important plastic aspect regulating the interactions among neurons. While neuronal plasticity is ...
Basal Ganglia Outputs Map Instantaneous Position Coordinates
... disturbances, the motor system must generate continuously varying outputs to oppose the effects of tilt on the body configuration. These results suggest that the function of the BG output is not to either inhibit or disinhibit behavior per se, but to send opponent outputs for postural adjustment mov ...
... disturbances, the motor system must generate continuously varying outputs to oppose the effects of tilt on the body configuration. These results suggest that the function of the BG output is not to either inhibit or disinhibit behavior per se, but to send opponent outputs for postural adjustment mov ...
NERVOUS SYSTEM
... up a current that spreads out from the site of the action potential. Again, just like the graded potentials, it will decay with distance. However, if the current spreads to another site on the membrane containing voltage-gated Na+ channels and the current still has sufficient voltage to depolarize t ...
... up a current that spreads out from the site of the action potential. Again, just like the graded potentials, it will decay with distance. However, if the current spreads to another site on the membrane containing voltage-gated Na+ channels and the current still has sufficient voltage to depolarize t ...
The Autonomic Nervous System
... Nicotinic receptors - located on the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic ganglia and on skeletal muscle motor end plate (NOT a part of the ANS) that explains the sympathetic and parasympathetic response to nicotine. ...
... Nicotinic receptors - located on the postganglionic neurons located in the autonomic ganglia and on skeletal muscle motor end plate (NOT a part of the ANS) that explains the sympathetic and parasympathetic response to nicotine. ...
Information Processing.indd - Foundations of Exercise Science
... as walking and jumping without much thought, but more complex skills such as those involved in gymnastics and advanced dance steps. Whatever the activity, the colossal network of neurons sending messages to one another from one part of the body to another is responsible in no small part for our abil ...
... as walking and jumping without much thought, but more complex skills such as those involved in gymnastics and advanced dance steps. Whatever the activity, the colossal network of neurons sending messages to one another from one part of the body to another is responsible in no small part for our abil ...
Embryological origin for autism
... developmental delay and mental retardation, with expressive language behaviors being the most affected (Ardinger et al., 1988). Like thalidomide, its mechanism of action is not known, but it also produces external malformations in a sequence related to the time of peak exposure (Collins et al., 1991 ...
... developmental delay and mental retardation, with expressive language behaviors being the most affected (Ardinger et al., 1988). Like thalidomide, its mechanism of action is not known, but it also produces external malformations in a sequence related to the time of peak exposure (Collins et al., 1991 ...
Andrea Kádár
... relatively slow process. In contrast, the tanycyte end feet processes and the terminals of the TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and ...
... relatively slow process. In contrast, the tanycyte end feet processes and the terminals of the TRH neurons are closely associated in the external zone of the ME. Therefore, we hypothesized that T3 produced by tanycytes may be taken up by axon terminals of these neurosecretory neurons in the ME and ...
Nature Medicine Interview
... Could you discuss how your anatomical understanding of the circuitry of the basal ganglia that you gained during your research paved the way for the clinical development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in PD? ...
... Could you discuss how your anatomical understanding of the circuitry of the basal ganglia that you gained during your research paved the way for the clinical development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in PD? ...
Reconstruction of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in the adult
... Transplants of fetal dopamine neurons can be used to restore dopamine neurotransmission in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, as well as in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. In these studies the cells are placed in the striatum rather than in the substantia nigra where they normally res ...
... Transplants of fetal dopamine neurons can be used to restore dopamine neurotransmission in animal models of Parkinson’s disease, as well as in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. In these studies the cells are placed in the striatum rather than in the substantia nigra where they normally res ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, and ‘Department of Neurology, San Diego, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, California 92093 ...
... Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, and ‘Department of Neurology, San Diego, VA Medical Center, La Jolla, California 92093 ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... function is down-regulated. Additionally, we find that somatic Kv1-mediated current is down-regulated, resulting in increased excitability of fmr1-/y PT neurons. Importantly, these h- and K! channel differences do not extend to neighboring intratelencephalic-projecting neurons. Thus, the absence of ...
... function is down-regulated. Additionally, we find that somatic Kv1-mediated current is down-regulated, resulting in increased excitability of fmr1-/y PT neurons. Importantly, these h- and K! channel differences do not extend to neighboring intratelencephalic-projecting neurons. Thus, the absence of ...
Modulation of Responses of Feline Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
... re-identified by antidromic activation and latency of responses, before the ionophoresis procedure was repeated with the new drug-containing micropipette. With four neurons, the same drug was applied twice by using the same drug-containing electrode (5-HT twice, DOI and NA once each) after a period ...
... re-identified by antidromic activation and latency of responses, before the ionophoresis procedure was repeated with the new drug-containing micropipette. With four neurons, the same drug was applied twice by using the same drug-containing electrode (5-HT twice, DOI and NA once each) after a period ...
Neuroembryology of Neural Tube Defects
... (arrow) is covered by a delicate, semitransparent membrane. ...
... (arrow) is covered by a delicate, semitransparent membrane. ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... ATP13A2 mutations in order to confirm dopaminergic neuronal loss. To directly explore the impact of ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To vali ...
... ATP13A2 mutations in order to confirm dopaminergic neuronal loss. To directly explore the impact of ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To vali ...
Adult Neural Stem Cells and Repair of the Adult
... passed on to their progeny (7,37). The most commonly used tracer is bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog that incorporates into the DNA during the S phase of mitosis (37). In one study (35), Magavi and colleagues found that after the induced death of a specific subset of neocortical neurons ...
... passed on to their progeny (7,37). The most commonly used tracer is bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analog that incorporates into the DNA during the S phase of mitosis (37). In one study (35), Magavi and colleagues found that after the induced death of a specific subset of neocortical neurons ...
mspn3a
... posturing are usually affected bilaterally because of marked damage in the brainstem (i.e. it is not limited to one side). Additionally, they usually have other severe problems – coma and respiratory problems. ...
... posturing are usually affected bilaterally because of marked damage in the brainstem (i.e. it is not limited to one side). Additionally, they usually have other severe problems – coma and respiratory problems. ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... the reverse direction. We recently tested the structural model in the connections between prefrontal areas with medial temporal and inferior temporal visual areas [21], and superior temporal auditory areas [6], and the same patterns appear to hold. The quantitative approaches to cortical architectur ...
... the reverse direction. We recently tested the structural model in the connections between prefrontal areas with medial temporal and inferior temporal visual areas [21], and superior temporal auditory areas [6], and the same patterns appear to hold. The quantitative approaches to cortical architectur ...
EVOLUTIONARY AUTONOMOUS AGENTS: A NEUROSCIENCE
... interneurons. Finally, the synaptic connections formed in some of the evolved agents were, at least to some extent, similar to those observed in the real lamprey12. These results were obtained using fitness (optimization) functions that explicitly express the desired outcome. However, interesting bi ...
... interneurons. Finally, the synaptic connections formed in some of the evolved agents were, at least to some extent, similar to those observed in the real lamprey12. These results were obtained using fitness (optimization) functions that explicitly express the desired outcome. However, interesting bi ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.