A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in
... thresholds of internuncial neurons t h a t they could no longer be excited by neurons of the first group, whereas t h e impulses of the first g r o u p m u s t s u m with the impulses of these internuncials to excite the n o w inhibited neurons. Today, some inhibitions have been shown to consume les ...
... thresholds of internuncial neurons t h a t they could no longer be excited by neurons of the first group, whereas t h e impulses of the first g r o u p m u s t s u m with the impulses of these internuncials to excite the n o w inhibited neurons. Today, some inhibitions have been shown to consume les ...
Preparation for the Dissertation report
... It is reasonable to consider that modeling the brain is fundamental for conceiving engineering systems with similar functionalities. In fact, as stated by Haykin [2], “the brain is the living proof that fault tolerant parallel computing is not only physically possible, but also fast and powerful. It ...
... It is reasonable to consider that modeling the brain is fundamental for conceiving engineering systems with similar functionalities. In fact, as stated by Haykin [2], “the brain is the living proof that fault tolerant parallel computing is not only physically possible, but also fast and powerful. It ...
Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body
... ventral posterior (VP) nuclei, which it is connected to at the point at which the mouth is represented. It adjoins anteriorly the basal ventral medial nucleus (VMb), which in primates receives direct input from NTS in addition to the integrated input it receives from PB in all mammals [28]. The VMpo ...
... ventral posterior (VP) nuclei, which it is connected to at the point at which the mouth is represented. It adjoins anteriorly the basal ventral medial nucleus (VMb), which in primates receives direct input from NTS in addition to the integrated input it receives from PB in all mammals [28]. The VMpo ...
ASCENDING PATHWAYS - University of Kansas Medical Center
... Secondary axons make up the lateral spinothalamic tract traveling in the lateral column of the spinal cord. ...
... Secondary axons make up the lateral spinothalamic tract traveling in the lateral column of the spinal cord. ...
Chapter 3 The Nervous System and the Brain
... The spinal nerves and the peripheral nervous system can be divided into four categories. The Somatic afferent, the Somatic efferent, the Visceral afferent, and the Visceral efferent. Somatic afferent neurons are sensory indicators that conduct impulses and send information to and from receptors in ...
... The spinal nerves and the peripheral nervous system can be divided into four categories. The Somatic afferent, the Somatic efferent, the Visceral afferent, and the Visceral efferent. Somatic afferent neurons are sensory indicators that conduct impulses and send information to and from receptors in ...
Spatial Representation and Navigation in a Bio
... together with the goal location information. Once the scene was recalled, the robot moved directly to the goal. Information about the landmark positions and orientations were updated using integrated odometer signals, but the place cell activity depended only on the visual input. Burgess et al. [21, ...
... together with the goal location information. Once the scene was recalled, the robot moved directly to the goal. Information about the landmark positions and orientations were updated using integrated odometer signals, but the place cell activity depended only on the visual input. Burgess et al. [21, ...
PHS 398 (Rev. 9/04), Biographical Sketch Format Page
... cord that is still intact above the site of injury in the spinal cord and use the population activity of the axons in the motor tracts rather than single spikes. Spinal cord approach has at least two important advantages. First, the recorded neural signals are expected to be strongly coupled to the ...
... cord that is still intact above the site of injury in the spinal cord and use the population activity of the axons in the motor tracts rather than single spikes. Spinal cord approach has at least two important advantages. First, the recorded neural signals are expected to be strongly coupled to the ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... Herrnstein 1997; Platt 2002). Only recently have neurobiologists begun to investigate the idea that internal decision variables dynamically link purely sensory and purely motor processes and are explicitly represented in the nervous system (Basso and Wurtz 1997; Dorris and Munoz 1998; Kim and Shadle ...
... Herrnstein 1997; Platt 2002). Only recently have neurobiologists begun to investigate the idea that internal decision variables dynamically link purely sensory and purely motor processes and are explicitly represented in the nervous system (Basso and Wurtz 1997; Dorris and Munoz 1998; Kim and Shadle ...
207 - Association of Surgical Technologists
... by far, the majority of the sympathetic postganglionic nerves are adrenergic and utilize the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE).3 The affect of NE released at the effector site produces different results (excitation or inhibition) depending on the receptor(s) to which it binds. (Table 2) There are tw ...
... by far, the majority of the sympathetic postganglionic nerves are adrenergic and utilize the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE).3 The affect of NE released at the effector site produces different results (excitation or inhibition) depending on the receptor(s) to which it binds. (Table 2) There are tw ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... times and coherence levels. (a–d) Three trials are shown for each of 12.8% and 3.2% coherence levels. Firing rate traces of a Cxe population (a,b) indicate that Cxe always triggers a burst in SCe (c,d) when the firing rate of Cxe reaches about the same level. t ¼ 0 corresponds to stimulus onset. (e, ...
... times and coherence levels. (a–d) Three trials are shown for each of 12.8% and 3.2% coherence levels. Firing rate traces of a Cxe population (a,b) indicate that Cxe always triggers a burst in SCe (c,d) when the firing rate of Cxe reaches about the same level. t ¼ 0 corresponds to stimulus onset. (e, ...
Seeing Early Signs of Alzheimer`s Disease Through the Lens of the
... the neuronal circuit and network levels may also be considered as attractive candidates for an early diagnostic tool. 1.3.1. Synaptic Dysfunctions The vast majority of published data on the early synaptic dysfunction investigated brain regions such as hippocampus and cortex that are known to be the ...
... the neuronal circuit and network levels may also be considered as attractive candidates for an early diagnostic tool. 1.3.1. Synaptic Dysfunctions The vast majority of published data on the early synaptic dysfunction investigated brain regions such as hippocampus and cortex that are known to be the ...
BCI - Department of Computer Science
... sighted person: image resolution of some 32 by 32 pixels Image resolution of the brain implant: In 2002 resolution of 144 pixels In 2003, 250 pixels i.e. 15 by 16 pixel matrix Now its around 625 pixels. ...
... sighted person: image resolution of some 32 by 32 pixels Image resolution of the brain implant: In 2002 resolution of 144 pixels In 2003, 250 pixels i.e. 15 by 16 pixel matrix Now its around 625 pixels. ...
Neural Networks - National Taiwan University
... information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems. composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) . ANNs, like people, learn by example ◦ (Learning, Recall, Generalization) ...
... information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems. composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) . ANNs, like people, learn by example ◦ (Learning, Recall, Generalization) ...
Bursting the unfolded protein response accelerates axonal
... duration of the stress stimuli to orchestrate adaptive or pro-apoptotic mechanisms, determining cell fate. ER stress has emerged as an important event driving neurodegeneration in pathological conditions of the CNS and PNS (reviewed in Li et al., 2013; Hetz and Mollereau, 2014). Axonal damage to the ...
... duration of the stress stimuli to orchestrate adaptive or pro-apoptotic mechanisms, determining cell fate. ER stress has emerged as an important event driving neurodegeneration in pathological conditions of the CNS and PNS (reviewed in Li et al., 2013; Hetz and Mollereau, 2014). Axonal damage to the ...
The Neurons that Control Axial Movements in a Frog Embryo1
... cipal neuron types discussed here do not My aim here, inspired by the early stud- change much from stage 33/34 to 37/38. ies of Coghill (1929), is to take a broad look Throughout this period it seems that latat a very simple vertebrate nervous system eral eyes, the olfactory systems and the vesand s ...
... cipal neuron types discussed here do not My aim here, inspired by the early stud- change much from stage 33/34 to 37/38. ies of Coghill (1929), is to take a broad look Throughout this period it seems that latat a very simple vertebrate nervous system eral eyes, the olfactory systems and the vesand s ...
PDF
... principles have been used in computational modeling (Favorov and Kursun, 2011), applied in developing synthetic neural modeling (Edelman et al., 1992), and used in developing machines with memory capabilities (Edelman, 2007). At the level of neuronal activation, binding by neural synchrony (Legendy, ...
... principles have been used in computational modeling (Favorov and Kursun, 2011), applied in developing synthetic neural modeling (Edelman et al., 1992), and used in developing machines with memory capabilities (Edelman, 2007). At the level of neuronal activation, binding by neural synchrony (Legendy, ...
Neural correlates of thought suppression
... verbal response. Thus, it is unclear whether similar neural mechanisms are involved in this variant of cognitive control. Noting this ambiguity, the present study investigates the neural mechanisms that underlie directed thought suppression. Mental control is required for people to function effectiv ...
... verbal response. Thus, it is unclear whether similar neural mechanisms are involved in this variant of cognitive control. Noting this ambiguity, the present study investigates the neural mechanisms that underlie directed thought suppression. Mental control is required for people to function effectiv ...
Computational physics: Neural networks
... between its synaptic inputs and its spiky output. The neurons are connected by synaptic junctions, thus forming a neural network. A central question is how such a neural network implements brain functions such as vision, audition and motor control. These questions are to a certain extend premature, ...
... between its synaptic inputs and its spiky output. The neurons are connected by synaptic junctions, thus forming a neural network. A central question is how such a neural network implements brain functions such as vision, audition and motor control. These questions are to a certain extend premature, ...
Structural changes that occur during normal aging of primate
... pyramidal neurons. Also, large neurons have more lipofuscin than smaller ones, but this is not a rule, so that among the larger cortical neurons, the Meynert cells of visual cortex [27] come to contain little age pigment, while the Betz cells of motor cortex can become so full of pigment that their ...
... pyramidal neurons. Also, large neurons have more lipofuscin than smaller ones, but this is not a rule, so that among the larger cortical neurons, the Meynert cells of visual cortex [27] come to contain little age pigment, while the Betz cells of motor cortex can become so full of pigment that their ...
Increased cell proliferation and granule cell number in the dentate
... Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 ...
... Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 ...
Brain Stem Involvement in Immune and Aversive Challenge Jakob Paues
... Activation of the immune system by e.g. bacteria induces the acute-phase-response and sickness behaviour. The latter encompasses among other things fever, lethargy, anorexia and hyperalgesia. An often used model to study sickness behaviour is the intravenous injection of the gram negative bacterial ...
... Activation of the immune system by e.g. bacteria induces the acute-phase-response and sickness behaviour. The latter encompasses among other things fever, lethargy, anorexia and hyperalgesia. An often used model to study sickness behaviour is the intravenous injection of the gram negative bacterial ...
SMELL & TASTE
... Powerful effects on behavior, specifically sexual behavior, territorial behavior and identification of kin Mammals • Most mammals only become sexually aroused in the presence of pheromones • Increased likelihood of pregnancy • Synchronization of estrus cycles • Mutual recognition of mother and offsp ...
... Powerful effects on behavior, specifically sexual behavior, territorial behavior and identification of kin Mammals • Most mammals only become sexually aroused in the presence of pheromones • Increased likelihood of pregnancy • Synchronization of estrus cycles • Mutual recognition of mother and offsp ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits. ...
... high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits. ...
The Basal Ganglia
... • Stress. Baseline firing rates are little affected by homeostatic challenges or stress. However, stressors can transiently reverse akinetic states produced by striatal dopamine depletion; furthermore, stress increases forebrain dopamine utilization and turnover. One possibility is that stressors a ...
... • Stress. Baseline firing rates are little affected by homeostatic challenges or stress. However, stressors can transiently reverse akinetic states produced by striatal dopamine depletion; furthermore, stress increases forebrain dopamine utilization and turnover. One possibility is that stressors a ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.