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Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal

... HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere were used. In cases where fluorogold injections were on target in both hemispheres, values for left and right HVC were averaged together. We found no evide ...
Y.I. Molkov, Baroreflex models, Encyclopedia of Computational
Y.I. Molkov, Baroreflex models, Encyclopedia of Computational

... et al. (2000) for NTS model based on specific electrophysiological properties. Arterial pressure is transduced by baroreceptors (nodose) according to their pressure thresholds, indicated by shading (top cell: highest pressure threshold). All NTS neurons receive input from all baroreceptors. Each inp ...
The Pathogenesis of Fever
The Pathogenesis of Fever

... humors: yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm Wunderlich in 1868 observed over 1 million temperatures over a 16-year period — Temperature >38°C suspicious — Normal temperature between 36.3°C and 37.5°C — Trough at dawn, peak in evening — Elderly have temperature 0.5°C lower ...
Nervous System PPT notes
Nervous System PPT notes

... 5. Describe the differences of neural communication between the ANS & SNS neuron systems (monosynaptic? polysynaptic?) 6. Discuss the accuracy of your smell sense. Which sense is more accurate without the assistance of sight…smell or taste? Scientifically ...
On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe
On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe

... sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and att ...
PDF
PDF

... through a calibrated output of an isolation unit (WPI), allowing fine adjustments of stimulation intensities. Initially, the recorded units were tested with single-pulse stimulation of the AN. Single-pulse stimulation of the AN usually induced a sequence of excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP) po ...
Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem... Deepak A. Lamba, Mike O. Karl, Carol B. Ware, and... 2006;103;12769-12774; originally published online Aug 14, 2006;
Efficient generation of retinal progenitor cells from human embryonic stem... Deepak A. Lamba, Mike O. Karl, Carol B. Ware, and... 2006;103;12769-12774; originally published online Aug 14, 2006;

... information on the PNAS web site). We found a 6 – 8 cycle (75to 165-fold) increase in the expression of the EFTFs, including Rx, Pax6, Lhx2, and Six3 (Fig. 1 J) over the levels in the undifferentiated cells or cells differentiated without inducers present. By contrast, genes expressed in nonneural t ...
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required

... ventricles relative to the hemisphere area (Table 2). In addition, in the CKO brain the corpus callosum and the lateral amygdaloid nucleus in the CKO brain were significantly reduced, while the hippocampus was relatively enlarged with respect to the reduced hemisphere (Table 2), which we attribute ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to

... reflexes. After paralysis of the animal, supplemental anesthetic was administered when irregularities were observed in ABP, heart rate, and respiratory rate and pattern. To minimize movement of brain by mechanical ventilation, a bilateral pneumothorax was created. The inlet of the ventilator was con ...
ANN Approach for Weather Prediction using Back Propagation
ANN Approach for Weather Prediction using Back Propagation

... network .Thus the neural network is trained by updating all the weights and biases as per the obtained errors in each iteration .Now pass the testing dataset as the network is trained the proposed BPNN model with the developed structure can perform good prediction with least error. Like this all the ...
The Senses
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The honeybee as a model for understanding the basis of cognition
The honeybee as a model for understanding the basis of cognition

... determining their contribution to neural networks. So far, about 40 individually identified neurons have been registered in the atlas, which were identified using intracellular recording and dye injection. Although this is a small number compared with the many neurons identified and sketched in came ...
Neuronal correlates of decision
Neuronal correlates of decision

... When forming a decision based on sensory information, where and how in the brain do the neuronal responses that encode the sensory stimuli translate into responses that encode the decision? We investigated this question using a vibrotactile sequential discrimination task (Fig. 1). In this two-altern ...
Lesson 3 Brain Communication
Lesson 3 Brain Communication

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52 Nerve Tissue
52 Nerve Tissue

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Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M

... nerve . The fibers from areas other than the tongue (eg, pharynx) reach the brain stem via the vagus nerve. On each side, taste fibers in these three nerves unite in the gustatory portion of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) in the medulla oblongata. From there, axons of second-order neuro ...
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute

... and also provides a source of diversity in coding the conjunctions and disjunctions of input and previous state information. The n in the summation terms is 25, corresponding to the linearized size of the 535 layers. Recurrent input to State originates from the layer State D . State D (Eqs. (2.1) an ...
Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin
Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin

... 131, 132). Furthermore, PRR is associated with intracellular signaling cascades that act independently of ANG II receptor signaling to facilitate the development of neurogenic hypertension (37, 164). PRRs are particularly abundant on neurons (111, 164, 188) and are also localized to microglia (169) ...
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab
pdf file. - Harvard Vision Lab

... visual changes6–9. The critical missing link has been the connection between corollary discharge and visual processing. Here we show that such a link is formed by a corollary discharge from the thalamus that targets the frontal cortex. In the thalamus, neurons in the mediodorsal nucleus relay a coro ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area

... of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) convey limbic information. Here we used optogenetic methods combined with in vivo juxtacellular recording and labeling to dissect the influence of brainstem cholinergic innervation of distinct subpopulations of neurons in the VTA. We found that LDT choline ...
Alterations of the Giant Pyramidal Neurons (Betz Cells) in
Alterations of the Giant Pyramidal Neurons (Betz Cells) in

... offspring born from gestational diabetics dams: a morphometric study. Int. J. Morphol., 33(3):1120-1125, 2015. SUMMARY: A few studies reported the adverse effects of gestational diabetes on hippocampus and spinal cord of rat offspring. Giant pyramidal neurons are giant pyramidal neurons located in f ...
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Cerebellum

... 1. To learn the basic anatomical organization and functional roles of the cerebellum 2. To understand the anatomical and chemical organization of the cerebellar cortex (cell layers, cell types, transmitters 3. To appreciate the clinical abnormalites that occur following cerebellar damage. ...
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats
Gradual increase in neuronal density of rats

... in LGN. Meyer and Albus­13 identified a wide variety of cell subtypes in the cat LGN. Their observation was further confirmed by Hitchcock and Hickey.14 Comparison with other studies. It is traditionally thought that retinal projections from each eye are ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in

... where Ncorr is the corrected number of silver grains and Nobs is the observed number of silver grains. Dobs and DNmax are the equivalent diameters of the observed nucleus and the nucleus presenting the maximal labeling intensity, respectively (Appleton et al., 1969; C lark et al., 1990). Figure 1 il ...
Spatial cognition and neuro-mimetic navigation: a model of
Spatial cognition and neuro-mimetic navigation: a model of

... in other extra-hippocampal areas such as the dentate gyrus (Jung and McNaughton 1993), the entorhinal cortex (Quirk et al. 1992), the subiculum (Sharp and Green 1994), and the parasubiculum (Taube 1996). In addition, recent experimental ®ndings show the existence of head-direction cells, neurons who ...
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Optogenetics



Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.
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