Excitatory Effect of GABAergic Axo
... exclusively from g-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) axo-axonic cells (AACs). The axon has the lowest threshold for action potential generation in neurons; thus, AACs are considered to be strategically placed inhibitory neurons controlling neuronal output. However, we found that AACs can depol ...
... exclusively from g-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) axo-axonic cells (AACs). The axon has the lowest threshold for action potential generation in neurons; thus, AACs are considered to be strategically placed inhibitory neurons controlling neuronal output. However, we found that AACs can depol ...
Author`s personal copy Computational models of motivated action
... support active maintenance of working memory (WM). Cognitive states in dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) can influence action selection via projections to the circuit linking BG with the motor cortex. Dopamine (DA) drives incremental reinforcement learning in all BG regions, supporting adaptive behaviors as ...
... support active maintenance of working memory (WM). Cognitive states in dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) can influence action selection via projections to the circuit linking BG with the motor cortex. Dopamine (DA) drives incremental reinforcement learning in all BG regions, supporting adaptive behaviors as ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... removing uncertainty, shortens reaction time more than providing partial prior information. Since reaction time shortening is directly related to information, the most interesting condition is providing partial information and to compare information about different single movement parameters. It has ...
... removing uncertainty, shortens reaction time more than providing partial prior information. Since reaction time shortening is directly related to information, the most interesting condition is providing partial information and to compare information about different single movement parameters. It has ...
Microconnectomics of the Pretectum and Ventral Thalamus in the
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
... folia VIc–IXc in the cerebellum, which are related to visual and oculomotor responses (Freedman et al., 1975; Clarke, 1977). Nonretinal afferents to the GLv arise from the visual Wulst, TeO, GT, and VLT (Karten et al., 1973; Crossland and Uchwat, 1979; Vega-Zuniga et al., 2014). Although the role of ...
د. غسان The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): The ANS coordinates
... ganglia found in the sympathetic ganglion chains. These ganglion chains, which run parallel immediately along either side of the spinal cord, each consist of 22 ganglia. The preganglionic neuron may exit the spinal cord and synapse with a postganglionic neuron in a ganglion at the same spinal cord ...
... ganglia found in the sympathetic ganglion chains. These ganglion chains, which run parallel immediately along either side of the spinal cord, each consist of 22 ganglia. The preganglionic neuron may exit the spinal cord and synapse with a postganglionic neuron in a ganglion at the same spinal cord ...
Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic
... membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is then cleaved and trafficked as a secreted protein through the Golgi complex and eventually the secretory granules. During trafficking, the POMC protein undergoes a series of posttranslational modifications through the actions of PC1/3 and PC2. POMC ...
... membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is then cleaved and trafficked as a secreted protein through the Golgi complex and eventually the secretory granules. During trafficking, the POMC protein undergoes a series of posttranslational modifications through the actions of PC1/3 and PC2. POMC ...
Synchrony Unbound: Review A Critical Evaluation of
... by proposing that the solution of the binding problem is that populations of cells that represent low-level features (for example, neurons in primary visual cortex) synchronize their activity when they respond to different elements that are to be linked in the analysis of a scene. Singer’s laborator ...
... by proposing that the solution of the binding problem is that populations of cells that represent low-level features (for example, neurons in primary visual cortex) synchronize their activity when they respond to different elements that are to be linked in the analysis of a scene. Singer’s laborator ...
2. Aim of the thesis
... demonstrates that the LnAChR subunits are expressed exclusively in neurons. Therefore, we concluded that the identified LnAChR subunits all represent subunits of neuronal-type nAChRs. Expression of LnAChR subunits is observed in all ganglia of the Lymnaea CNS. The expression level of most LnAChR sub ...
... demonstrates that the LnAChR subunits are expressed exclusively in neurons. Therefore, we concluded that the identified LnAChR subunits all represent subunits of neuronal-type nAChRs. Expression of LnAChR subunits is observed in all ganglia of the Lymnaea CNS. The expression level of most LnAChR sub ...
MN20, a D2 Cyclin, Is Transiently Expressed in Selected Neural
... regulation is important for both the cell’s commitment to divide (for review, see Reed et al., 1992; Nasmyth, 1993; Hunter and Pines, 1994; Nurse 1994) and for its ability to respond to extracellular mitogenic and growth signals (Pardee, 1989; Matsushime et al., 1991, 1992; Kato and Sherr, 1993; DeH ...
... regulation is important for both the cell’s commitment to divide (for review, see Reed et al., 1992; Nasmyth, 1993; Hunter and Pines, 1994; Nurse 1994) and for its ability to respond to extracellular mitogenic and growth signals (Pardee, 1989; Matsushime et al., 1991, 1992; Kato and Sherr, 1993; DeH ...
Mitotic Spindle Regulation by Nde1 Controls Cerebral
... these interactions provided important information on the molecular basis of LIS1 function, many questions regarding the role of LIS1 in cortical neuronal migration as well as the pathogenic mechanism of lissencephaly remain unanswered. The LIS1 gene is ubiquitously expressed, and the observation of ...
... these interactions provided important information on the molecular basis of LIS1 function, many questions regarding the role of LIS1 in cortical neuronal migration as well as the pathogenic mechanism of lissencephaly remain unanswered. The LIS1 gene is ubiquitously expressed, and the observation of ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... PATHWAYS ACCORDING TO THEIR TERMINAL PROJECTIONS In our laboratory we addressed the question of whether histaminergic neurons are organized into distinct functional circuits impinging on different brain regions. We used the double-probe microdialysis technique in freely moving animals, which provide ...
... PATHWAYS ACCORDING TO THEIR TERMINAL PROJECTIONS In our laboratory we addressed the question of whether histaminergic neurons are organized into distinct functional circuits impinging on different brain regions. We used the double-probe microdialysis technique in freely moving animals, which provide ...
HD CAG Repeat Is Sufficient to Cause a Progressive
... event, the flanking fragments having been subject to deletions, with the result that this transgene functions essentially as a single copy integrant. Finally line R6/5 is represented by five bands on a BamHI Southern blot. It is clear that four fragments have integrated as illustrated in Figure 1c. ...
... event, the flanking fragments having been subject to deletions, with the result that this transgene functions essentially as a single copy integrant. Finally line R6/5 is represented by five bands on a BamHI Southern blot. It is clear that four fragments have integrated as illustrated in Figure 1c. ...
Hearing, Ribbon Synapses and Noise Induced Hearing Loss
... Be aware of current epidemiology and criteria of NIHL as per Victorian work cover claims Understand recent advances regarding ribbon synapses in hearing and their importance in noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) Consider the potential implications of these advances for noise control including audiome ...
... Be aware of current epidemiology and criteria of NIHL as per Victorian work cover claims Understand recent advances regarding ribbon synapses in hearing and their importance in noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) Consider the potential implications of these advances for noise control including audiome ...
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the
... model of cognitive decline (Gallagher et al., 1993). We observed that aging was associated with loss of neurons in the dPFC, with maintenance of neuron number in the Grant sponsor: National Institutes of Health National Research Service Award; Grant number: F32AG03481801; Grant sponsors: Ford Founda ...
... model of cognitive decline (Gallagher et al., 1993). We observed that aging was associated with loss of neurons in the dPFC, with maintenance of neuron number in the Grant sponsor: National Institutes of Health National Research Service Award; Grant number: F32AG03481801; Grant sponsors: Ford Founda ...
Self-Organization and Functional Role of Lateral Connections and
... such neurons and weakest to neurons with very di erent preferences. The global organization of size preferences and lateral connections can be visualized by labeling each neuron with a color that indicates the width of its RF, and plotting the patterns of lateral connections on top. As gure 3 shows ...
... such neurons and weakest to neurons with very di erent preferences. The global organization of size preferences and lateral connections can be visualized by labeling each neuron with a color that indicates the width of its RF, and plotting the patterns of lateral connections on top. As gure 3 shows ...
CYTOARCHITECTURE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
... • Structural proteins • Cell-surface markers • Ion-channels • Connexins • Transporters: plasma membrane; vesicular • Others ...
... • Structural proteins • Cell-surface markers • Ion-channels • Connexins • Transporters: plasma membrane; vesicular • Others ...
Florence Bareyre - scientia.global
... highly expressed in damaged PNS neurons, also limits brain and spinal cord repair in the CNS. Contrasting the natural strategies adopted by the PNS and CNS after injury has therefore been a pivotal way for Dr Bareyre and other researchers to locate and exploit the factors involved in neuronal growth ...
... highly expressed in damaged PNS neurons, also limits brain and spinal cord repair in the CNS. Contrasting the natural strategies adopted by the PNS and CNS after injury has therefore been a pivotal way for Dr Bareyre and other researchers to locate and exploit the factors involved in neuronal growth ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... including primary and conditioned aversive events [17], reward omission [1] and conditioned inhibitors [4]. Thus, the activation of dopaminergic neurons does not seem to be owing to the general alerting or attention-generating functions of reward-related stimuli but might reflect the known rewarding ...
... including primary and conditioned aversive events [17], reward omission [1] and conditioned inhibitors [4]. Thus, the activation of dopaminergic neurons does not seem to be owing to the general alerting or attention-generating functions of reward-related stimuli but might reflect the known rewarding ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... result represents convergent tuning of independent cortical and thalamic circuits, since the tuning of the thalamic input is variable; rather, it appears that full circuit tuning follows that of the total thalamic input. The cooling did not entirely eradicate cortical spiking; cells in layer 6, fart ...
... result represents convergent tuning of independent cortical and thalamic circuits, since the tuning of the thalamic input is variable; rather, it appears that full circuit tuning follows that of the total thalamic input. The cooling did not entirely eradicate cortical spiking; cells in layer 6, fart ...
Axonogenesis in the Brain of Zebrafish Embryos
... the cell bodiesof neuronswhich have begun axonogenesis.It is likely that embryonic axons are labeled to the baseof growth conessincebroad, unlabeled processescan be seenat the distal end of labeledaxons with DIC optics (data not shown).Labeled axons are readily distinguishablefrom cilia or ependymal ...
... the cell bodiesof neuronswhich have begun axonogenesis.It is likely that embryonic axons are labeled to the baseof growth conessincebroad, unlabeled processescan be seenat the distal end of labeledaxons with DIC optics (data not shown).Labeled axons are readily distinguishablefrom cilia or ependymal ...
Large-scale spatiotemporal spike patterning consistent with
... propagating speeds that were consistent across subjects. However, as both LFPs and VSD measure aggregate potentials from groups of neurons near the recording site, it has never been shown whether action potentials from individual neurons demonstrate spatiotemporal patterning consistent with wave pro ...
... propagating speeds that were consistent across subjects. However, as both LFPs and VSD measure aggregate potentials from groups of neurons near the recording site, it has never been shown whether action potentials from individual neurons demonstrate spatiotemporal patterning consistent with wave pro ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
Production of nerve growth factor by
... have shown that NGF signaling through p75NTR in the absence of TrkA induces apoptosis (Rabizadeh and Bredesen, 1994; Nykjaer et al., 2005). Therefore, the imbalance in the ratio of TrkA and p75NTR expression may result in increased NGF apoptotic signaling through p75NTR. We hypothesized that Ab exer ...
... have shown that NGF signaling through p75NTR in the absence of TrkA induces apoptosis (Rabizadeh and Bredesen, 1994; Nykjaer et al., 2005). Therefore, the imbalance in the ratio of TrkA and p75NTR expression may result in increased NGF apoptotic signaling through p75NTR. We hypothesized that Ab exer ...
A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in
... thresholds of internuncial neurons t h a t they could no longer be excited by neurons of the first group, whereas t h e impulses of the first g r o u p m u s t s u m with the impulses of these internuncials to excite the n o w inhibited neurons. Today, some inhibitions have been shown to consume les ...
... thresholds of internuncial neurons t h a t they could no longer be excited by neurons of the first group, whereas t h e impulses of the first g r o u p m u s t s u m with the impulses of these internuncials to excite the n o w inhibited neurons. Today, some inhibitions have been shown to consume les ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.