Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... neurons was always inhibitory; mPFC stimulation never activated CeM cells nor facilitated their orthodromic or antidromic Figure 2. Examples of antidromic activation of CeM and BL neurons in the rat. A1, Consistent responsiveness. with antidromic activation, brainstem stimulation fired this CeM neur ...
... neurons was always inhibitory; mPFC stimulation never activated CeM cells nor facilitated their orthodromic or antidromic Figure 2. Examples of antidromic activation of CeM and BL neurons in the rat. A1, Consistent responsiveness. with antidromic activation, brainstem stimulation fired this CeM neur ...
Central nervous system control of food intake and body
... The capacity to adjust food intake in response to changing energy requirements is essential for survival. Recent progress has provided an insight into the molecular, cellular and behavioural mechanisms that link changes of body fat stores to adaptive adjustments of feeding behaviour. The physiologic ...
... The capacity to adjust food intake in response to changing energy requirements is essential for survival. Recent progress has provided an insight into the molecular, cellular and behavioural mechanisms that link changes of body fat stores to adaptive adjustments of feeding behaviour. The physiologic ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... slowly advanced toward the neuron while a low-intensity microiontophoretic current was applied (1–10 nA anodal current, 200 msec duration, 50% duty cycle). Optimal positioning was identified when the firing pattern of the neuron was robustly modulated during the current ejection. Generally, neuronal ...
... slowly advanced toward the neuron while a low-intensity microiontophoretic current was applied (1–10 nA anodal current, 200 msec duration, 50% duty cycle). Optimal positioning was identified when the firing pattern of the neuron was robustly modulated during the current ejection. Generally, neuronal ...
retina - Bakersfield College
... • Convergence – eyes must turn slightly inward when objects are close • Binocular disparity – difference between the images on the two retinas • Both are greater when objects are close – provides brain with a 3-D image and distance information ...
... • Convergence – eyes must turn slightly inward when objects are close • Binocular disparity – difference between the images on the two retinas • Both are greater when objects are close – provides brain with a 3-D image and distance information ...
Segregated Cell Populations Enable Distinct Parallel Encoding
... evolution although no functional evidence was presented to back this hypothesis. Despite a denser confinement, pyramidal cells in the superficial part are less coupled by gap junctions than their deep counterparts [40, 41] although the function of a substrate in CA1 for communication or synchronizat ...
... evolution although no functional evidence was presented to back this hypothesis. Despite a denser confinement, pyramidal cells in the superficial part are less coupled by gap junctions than their deep counterparts [40, 41] although the function of a substrate in CA1 for communication or synchronizat ...
Odorant-induced Oscillations in the Mushroom Bodies of
... of olfactory processing and learning, for the mushroom bodies are the main target neuropil of olfactory projection interneurons that originate in the glomerular antenna1 lobes (Christensen and Hildebrand, 1987; Masson and Mustaparta, 1990). The mushroom bodies of insects are therefore the second pri ...
... of olfactory processing and learning, for the mushroom bodies are the main target neuropil of olfactory projection interneurons that originate in the glomerular antenna1 lobes (Christensen and Hildebrand, 1987; Masson and Mustaparta, 1990). The mushroom bodies of insects are therefore the second pri ...
BIO 154: Exam 2006
... In congenitally deaf cats, the CNS is deprived of acoustic input because of degeneration of sensory cells before the onset of hearing. However, primary auditory afferents survive and can be stimulated electrically by means of cochlear implants. Cochlear implants when placed in both ears at the appro ...
... In congenitally deaf cats, the CNS is deprived of acoustic input because of degeneration of sensory cells before the onset of hearing. However, primary auditory afferents survive and can be stimulated electrically by means of cochlear implants. Cochlear implants when placed in both ears at the appro ...
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins 1/2 localize to dorsal root ganglia
... C terminus, which are linked by a NECAB homogeneous region (22). NECAB1/2 are restricted to the nervous system, whereas NECAB3 is also expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle (21). NECAB1 was first identified as the target protein of synaptotagmin I C2A-domain by affinity chromatography, with its ...
... C terminus, which are linked by a NECAB homogeneous region (22). NECAB1/2 are restricted to the nervous system, whereas NECAB3 is also expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle (21). NECAB1 was first identified as the target protein of synaptotagmin I C2A-domain by affinity chromatography, with its ...
Stimulation-Induced Functional Decoupling (SIFD)
... The subthalamic nucleus: the prefered target ...
... The subthalamic nucleus: the prefered target ...
L13 - Cranial nerve VIII
... from the vestibular nuclei project to number of other regions for the control of posture, maintenance of equilibrium, co-ordination of head & eye movements and the conscious awareness of vestibular stimulation . ...
... from the vestibular nuclei project to number of other regions for the control of posture, maintenance of equilibrium, co-ordination of head & eye movements and the conscious awareness of vestibular stimulation . ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... • Nerve fibers: Both divisions have pre- & postganglionic fibers. - Preganglionic neuron is myelinated. - Postganglionic neuron is unmyelinated. (In contrast to the large diameter and rapidly conducting α -motor neurons, preganglionic axons are small-diameter, myelinated, relatively slowly conductin ...
... • Nerve fibers: Both divisions have pre- & postganglionic fibers. - Preganglionic neuron is myelinated. - Postganglionic neuron is unmyelinated. (In contrast to the large diameter and rapidly conducting α -motor neurons, preganglionic axons are small-diameter, myelinated, relatively slowly conductin ...
Cross-talk between glial cells and neurons: Relationship in Multiple
... In medicine, the search for the cause of a disease has been critical to understanding the nature of the disorder, and an important step towards the discovery of effective therapies and prevention. The search for a cause is more difficult than it may seem at first. For example, even if we find the me ...
... In medicine, the search for the cause of a disease has been critical to understanding the nature of the disorder, and an important step towards the discovery of effective therapies and prevention. The search for a cause is more difficult than it may seem at first. For example, even if we find the me ...
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its
... The human MNS (and imitation) Research done on humans by means of fMRI shows that… - the MNS interacts with motor preparation areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during imitative learning - there are two functionally divided sectors in the frontal component of the human MNS, of which only ...
... The human MNS (and imitation) Research done on humans by means of fMRI shows that… - the MNS interacts with motor preparation areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during imitative learning - there are two functionally divided sectors in the frontal component of the human MNS, of which only ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the population that were positive for ChAT. In other words, classical targets of the PPN ...
... neurons. By tracing the projections from the PPN and labelling the cholinergic cells, Semba and colleagues (1990) observed that some of the projection cells, which were negative for ChAT, were located dorsal to the population that were positive for ChAT. In other words, classical targets of the PPN ...
commissural axons
... Could you explain the context from which your work emerged? The first ‘axon guidance molecule’ was discovered in the 1990s. Since then, accumulating evidence has indicated that the mechanism of action of axon guidance cues is much more complex than initially thought. In particular, many molecules in ...
... Could you explain the context from which your work emerged? The first ‘axon guidance molecule’ was discovered in the 1990s. Since then, accumulating evidence has indicated that the mechanism of action of axon guidance cues is much more complex than initially thought. In particular, many molecules in ...
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of
... Most of these activities began near the onset of the movement. However, the two clusters which showed earlier onset of activity (i.e., Clusters 1 and 4) displayed additional component in their activity immediately after the target onset. In the first animal, the movement onset was delayed substantia ...
... Most of these activities began near the onset of the movement. However, the two clusters which showed earlier onset of activity (i.e., Clusters 1 and 4) displayed additional component in their activity immediately after the target onset. In the first animal, the movement onset was delayed substantia ...
Introduction
... these postmitotic cells.9, 11 XIAP is a member of a family of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) that have been shown to regulate caspases by directly binding to and inhibiting their function.12 Whereas cytosolic microinjection of cytochrome c is insufficient to induce apoptosis in wildtype neu ...
... these postmitotic cells.9, 11 XIAP is a member of a family of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) that have been shown to regulate caspases by directly binding to and inhibiting their function.12 Whereas cytosolic microinjection of cytochrome c is insufficient to induce apoptosis in wildtype neu ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
Event-Related Potentials
... evoked by deviant and standard stimuli. The mismatch negativity is subserved by a largescale network that includes, in addition to auditory cortical areas, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which may serve to control the maintenance of sensory memory in the auditory cortex following one stimulus for c ...
... evoked by deviant and standard stimuli. The mismatch negativity is subserved by a largescale network that includes, in addition to auditory cortical areas, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which may serve to control the maintenance of sensory memory in the auditory cortex following one stimulus for c ...
Reward and Aversion
... lateral hypothalamus, the medial forebrain bundle containing the most ascending dopaminergic pathways from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the septal nuclei, and raphe. A potential problem of using electrodes for ICSS is that this results in the stimulation of both c ...
... lateral hypothalamus, the medial forebrain bundle containing the most ascending dopaminergic pathways from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the septal nuclei, and raphe. A potential problem of using electrodes for ICSS is that this results in the stimulation of both c ...
neuro 13 descending tracts student
... Typical descending pathway consists of a series of two motor neurons: Upper motor neurons (UMNs) Lower motor neurons (LMNs) Does not take into consideration the association neurons between UMNs and ...
... Typical descending pathway consists of a series of two motor neurons: Upper motor neurons (UMNs) Lower motor neurons (LMNs) Does not take into consideration the association neurons between UMNs and ...
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS IN OCTOPUS VULGARIS
... Biological rhythms enable organisms to measure time and to synchronize their endogenous behavior and physiology with the time constraints of their environment. Since the inhabitants of the littoral zone of marine environments are exposed to complex temporal and environmental changes, biological rhyt ...
... Biological rhythms enable organisms to measure time and to synchronize their endogenous behavior and physiology with the time constraints of their environment. Since the inhabitants of the littoral zone of marine environments are exposed to complex temporal and environmental changes, biological rhyt ...
The Nervous System
... Secrete neurotransmitters from the axonal terminals Movement along axons occurs in two ways Anterograde — toward axonal terminal Retrograde — away from axonal terminal ...
... Secrete neurotransmitters from the axonal terminals Movement along axons occurs in two ways Anterograde — toward axonal terminal Retrograde — away from axonal terminal ...
PowerPoint Slides - Portland State University
... • State space analysis and synthesis of vocalizations to aid in stimulus design • Comparison of neural responses from both a spike rate and spike timing perspective • Improved methods for creating input>output models of individual neurons provided the pure tone responses of these neurons – Used to a ...
... • State space analysis and synthesis of vocalizations to aid in stimulus design • Comparison of neural responses from both a spike rate and spike timing perspective • Improved methods for creating input>output models of individual neurons provided the pure tone responses of these neurons – Used to a ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.