Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
Ariel Sarver - the IDeA Lab!
... The widely observed inability of autistic children to understand metaphors and their lack of imagination in playing and understanding intentions may also be traced to a dysfunctional mirror neuron system. As evinced by the bouba/kiki effect, discovered by Wolfgang Kohler, children with autism have ...
... The widely observed inability of autistic children to understand metaphors and their lack of imagination in playing and understanding intentions may also be traced to a dysfunctional mirror neuron system. As evinced by the bouba/kiki effect, discovered by Wolfgang Kohler, children with autism have ...
Article - Dynamic Connectome Lab
... an in vitro multi-electrode array recording of macaque neocortical tissue. Our model, with virtual electrodes placed anywhere in 3D, allows direct comparisons with the in vitro recording setup. We envisage that VERTEX will stimulate experimentalists, clinicians, and computational neuroscientists to ...
... an in vitro multi-electrode array recording of macaque neocortical tissue. Our model, with virtual electrodes placed anywhere in 3D, allows direct comparisons with the in vitro recording setup. We envisage that VERTEX will stimulate experimentalists, clinicians, and computational neuroscientists to ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... this is to record single units, and to analyze the spike rate of a single cell. Recording of single unit activity (SUA) can provide accurate information about that particular neuron during sensory stimulation or motor behavior. With single cell recordings, however, one usually skips the neurons with ...
... this is to record single units, and to analyze the spike rate of a single cell. Recording of single unit activity (SUA) can provide accurate information about that particular neuron during sensory stimulation or motor behavior. With single cell recordings, however, one usually skips the neurons with ...
Differentiation in vitro of sympathetic cells from chick
... somitic mesenchyme in this developmental pathway which could not be replaced by either heart or limb-bud mesenchyme in these conditions was also demonstrated. Ventral neural tube also appeared to favour this line of differentiation. However, neural tube and crest in an organ culture system (Bjerre, ...
... somitic mesenchyme in this developmental pathway which could not be replaced by either heart or limb-bud mesenchyme in these conditions was also demonstrated. Ventral neural tube also appeared to favour this line of differentiation. However, neural tube and crest in an organ culture system (Bjerre, ...
How are axons guided to their targets?
... • Slit is repellent ligand • Slit has a role in axon guidance at the midline. • Receptor (Robo) is expressed by axons that run longitudinally and never cross the midline. • In Robo mutants axons freely cross the midline. • Commissural axons up-regulate Robo after they have crossed the midline ...
... • Slit is repellent ligand • Slit has a role in axon guidance at the midline. • Receptor (Robo) is expressed by axons that run longitudinally and never cross the midline. • In Robo mutants axons freely cross the midline. • Commissural axons up-regulate Robo after they have crossed the midline ...
Sequencing by Synthesis
... populations, eight affect brain function or nervous system function (cell adhesion, energy metabolism, microtubule assembly, neurotransmission) ...
... populations, eight affect brain function or nervous system function (cell adhesion, energy metabolism, microtubule assembly, neurotransmission) ...
B - CommuniGate Pro uni
... these problems, we have established a new in vitro system, the organotypic c o r t e x - s t r i a t u m co-culture. In such a system the s p o n t a n e o u s activity o f the cortical culture is sufficient to drive the striatal network and, moreover, a visual selection of striatal interneurons is ...
... these problems, we have established a new in vitro system, the organotypic c o r t e x - s t r i a t u m co-culture. In such a system the s p o n t a n e o u s activity o f the cortical culture is sufficient to drive the striatal network and, moreover, a visual selection of striatal interneurons is ...
Full Article - CIHR Research Group in Sensory
... Performance in a behavioural task can be influenced by both bottom-up and top-down processes such as stimulus modality and prior probability. Here, we exploited differences in behavioural strategy to explore the role of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (dSC) in covert orie ...
... Performance in a behavioural task can be influenced by both bottom-up and top-down processes such as stimulus modality and prior probability. Here, we exploited differences in behavioural strategy to explore the role of the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (dSC) in covert orie ...
Neuronal correlates of movement dynamics in the dorsal and ventral
... the end of several recording sessions, we performed electrical microstimulation. We used a train of 20 biphasic charge balanced pulse pairs (0.1 ms pulse width, 60 ms train), delivered at 330 Hz and variable amplitude (20–120 lA). Recordings were concentrated in areas were arm movements could be eli ...
... the end of several recording sessions, we performed electrical microstimulation. We used a train of 20 biphasic charge balanced pulse pairs (0.1 ms pulse width, 60 ms train), delivered at 330 Hz and variable amplitude (20–120 lA). Recordings were concentrated in areas were arm movements could be eli ...
PDF file
... in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled lines”, in which each neuron’s firing can represent events on dif ...
... in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled lines”, in which each neuron’s firing can represent events on dif ...
Figure 9-1 - Center for Invertebrate Biology
... substances, but some lipid-soluble substances can diffuse across – This is why some antihistamines make you sleepy (they can diffuse across into the brain) while others don't – Most substances require carrier proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier (see p. 303 for details) ...
... substances, but some lipid-soluble substances can diffuse across – This is why some antihistamines make you sleepy (they can diffuse across into the brain) while others don't – Most substances require carrier proteins to cross the blood-brain barrier (see p. 303 for details) ...
Restoring axonal localization and transport of transmembrane
... CSPGs and Nogo. Transport within axons is mediated by both kinesin and dynein motors and allows cargo-carrying vesicles to travel in both anterograde and retrograde directions. However, within the mature CNS many growth-promoting proteins, such as TrkB, are trafficked back to the cell body in the re ...
... CSPGs and Nogo. Transport within axons is mediated by both kinesin and dynein motors and allows cargo-carrying vesicles to travel in both anterograde and retrograde directions. However, within the mature CNS many growth-promoting proteins, such as TrkB, are trafficked back to the cell body in the re ...
Chapter 21
... i. cold receptors are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis and are activated by temperatures ranging between 10 and 40C ii. warm receptors are located in the dermis and are activated by temperatures ranging between 32 and 48C iii. temperatures below 10C and above 48C stimulate pain r ...
... i. cold receptors are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis and are activated by temperatures ranging between 10 and 40C ii. warm receptors are located in the dermis and are activated by temperatures ranging between 32 and 48C iii. temperatures below 10C and above 48C stimulate pain r ...
Evidence for Apoptotic Cell Death in Huntington Disease and
... either apoptotic or necrotic types, but it is not clear whether these two processes are mutually exclusive. For example, in the nervous system, features of apoptosis may be present in some types of anoxic-ischemic injury, a classical type of necrotic cell death (Goto et al., 1990; Tominaga et al., 1 ...
... either apoptotic or necrotic types, but it is not clear whether these two processes are mutually exclusive. For example, in the nervous system, features of apoptosis may be present in some types of anoxic-ischemic injury, a classical type of necrotic cell death (Goto et al., 1990; Tominaga et al., 1 ...
Olfactory System Anatomy
... consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cel ...
... consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cel ...
CONTROL OF RESPIRATION
... Chemoreceptors. Most important stimulating factor is decreased PO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors. • Increased PCO2 in the arterial blood and increased H+ ion in the brain ECF strongly stimulates the central chemoreceptors and dominant control of ventilation. -Decreased PO2 in the arterial blood – dep ...
... Chemoreceptors. Most important stimulating factor is decreased PO2 on peripheral chemoreceptors. • Increased PCO2 in the arterial blood and increased H+ ion in the brain ECF strongly stimulates the central chemoreceptors and dominant control of ventilation. -Decreased PO2 in the arterial blood – dep ...
Morphological Changes in the Hippocampus Following Nicotine and
... neuronal degeneration was attenuated. This observation was confirmed by Fluoro-Jade B staining. Hoechst 33342 staining allowed to identify the cells with condensed, fragmented nuclei, which both have been proposed to be signs of apoptosis. To decide if the neurons are dying by apoptotic process must ...
... neuronal degeneration was attenuated. This observation was confirmed by Fluoro-Jade B staining. Hoechst 33342 staining allowed to identify the cells with condensed, fragmented nuclei, which both have been proposed to be signs of apoptosis. To decide if the neurons are dying by apoptotic process must ...
Introduction - KFUPM Faculty List
... the activation pattern (input vector), which constitute the input signals applied to the neurons (computation nodes) in the second layer (i.e., the first hidden layer). The output signals of the second layer are used as an input to the third layer, and so on for the rest of the network. Typically th ...
... the activation pattern (input vector), which constitute the input signals applied to the neurons (computation nodes) in the second layer (i.e., the first hidden layer). The output signals of the second layer are used as an input to the third layer, and so on for the rest of the network. Typically th ...
Document
... • Slender processes of uniform diameter arising from the hillock • Long axons are called nerve fibers • Usually there is only one unbranched axon per neuron • Rare branches, if present, are called axon collaterals ...
... • Slender processes of uniform diameter arising from the hillock • Long axons are called nerve fibers • Usually there is only one unbranched axon per neuron • Rare branches, if present, are called axon collaterals ...
PRESENTATION NAME
... – Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron • Excitatory messages – Increase likelihood that neuron will fire • Inhibitory messages – Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire ...
... – Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron • Excitatory messages – Increase likelihood that neuron will fire • Inhibitory messages – Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... Second, from the developmental perspective, the circuitry of the primate dPFC clearly undergoes marked refinements during adolescence, although certainly some other brain regions that have not been as well studied are also likely to show such changes. For example, the number of excitatory synapses i ...
... Second, from the developmental perspective, the circuitry of the primate dPFC clearly undergoes marked refinements during adolescence, although certainly some other brain regions that have not been as well studied are also likely to show such changes. For example, the number of excitatory synapses i ...
HYPOTHALAMUS and HOM..
... mechanics of maintaining that set point were unknown. It appears that there is an endocrine component to the appetite system. Recent studies in mice have shown that the fat cells of normal overfed mice will release a protein called leptin (or OB, after the gene name), which reduces appetite and perk ...
... mechanics of maintaining that set point were unknown. It appears that there is an endocrine component to the appetite system. Recent studies in mice have shown that the fat cells of normal overfed mice will release a protein called leptin (or OB, after the gene name), which reduces appetite and perk ...
retina - Bakersfield College
... • Convergence – eyes must turn slightly inward when objects are close • Binocular disparity – difference between the images on the two retinas • Both are greater when objects are close – provides brain with a 3-D image and distance information ...
... • Convergence – eyes must turn slightly inward when objects are close • Binocular disparity – difference between the images on the two retinas • Both are greater when objects are close – provides brain with a 3-D image and distance information ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... neurons was always inhibitory; mPFC stimulation never activated CeM cells nor facilitated their orthodromic or antidromic Figure 2. Examples of antidromic activation of CeM and BL neurons in the rat. A1, Consistent responsiveness. with antidromic activation, brainstem stimulation fired this CeM neur ...
... neurons was always inhibitory; mPFC stimulation never activated CeM cells nor facilitated their orthodromic or antidromic Figure 2. Examples of antidromic activation of CeM and BL neurons in the rat. A1, Consistent responsiveness. with antidromic activation, brainstem stimulation fired this CeM neur ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.