Dynamics of Learning and Recall ... Recurrent Synapses and Cholinergic Modulation
... previously modified synapsesduring learning could result in excessive enhancementof synaptic strength within a cortical region (Hasselmoet al., 1992; Hasselmo,1994a). In modelsof the cortex with recurrent excitatory synapses, these problems have been avoided with unrealistic features. Models that us ...
... previously modified synapsesduring learning could result in excessive enhancementof synaptic strength within a cortical region (Hasselmoet al., 1992; Hasselmo,1994a). In modelsof the cortex with recurrent excitatory synapses, these problems have been avoided with unrealistic features. Models that us ...
Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of
... Though the concept of brain plasticity in relation to behavior started to clear out just a few decades ago, many evidences point out that training and experience produce numerous neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes in the brain tissue that allow the major changes needs it for long-term memory ...
... Though the concept of brain plasticity in relation to behavior started to clear out just a few decades ago, many evidences point out that training and experience produce numerous neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes in the brain tissue that allow the major changes needs it for long-term memory ...
Lange Physiology > Section II
... As noted above, axons conduct impulses in either direction. However, conduction at synapses procedes in only one direction, ie, orthodromic, because the neurotransmitter at the synapse is in the presynaptic and not in the postsynaptic cell. The one-way gate at the synapses is necessary for orderly ...
... As noted above, axons conduct impulses in either direction. However, conduction at synapses procedes in only one direction, ie, orthodromic, because the neurotransmitter at the synapse is in the presynaptic and not in the postsynaptic cell. The one-way gate at the synapses is necessary for orderly ...
Computational models of reinforcement learning
... Rewards are not always delivered immediately after an action is taken, but are often delayed. The TD model typically does not account for such delays, thus new models have been developed to incorporate larger or variable delays between actions and rewards. One such model was designed to account for ...
... Rewards are not always delivered immediately after an action is taken, but are often delayed. The TD model typically does not account for such delays, thus new models have been developed to incorporate larger or variable delays between actions and rewards. One such model was designed to account for ...
Center-Surround Interactions in the Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... Born, Richard T. Center-surround interactions in the middle temporal visual area of the owl monkey. J Neurophysiol 84: 2658 –2669, 2000. Microelectrode recording and 2-deoxyglucose (2dg) labeling were used to investigate center-surround interactions in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the owl ...
... Born, Richard T. Center-surround interactions in the middle temporal visual area of the owl monkey. J Neurophysiol 84: 2658 –2669, 2000. Microelectrode recording and 2-deoxyglucose (2dg) labeling were used to investigate center-surround interactions in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the owl ...
Respiratory Centers
... – CO2 easily crosses blood-brain barrier, in CSF the CO2 reacts with water and releases H+, central chemoreceptors strongly stimulate inspiratory center – corrected by hyperventilation, pushes reaction to the left by “blowing off ” CO2 CO2 (expired) + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ ...
... – CO2 easily crosses blood-brain barrier, in CSF the CO2 reacts with water and releases H+, central chemoreceptors strongly stimulate inspiratory center – corrected by hyperventilation, pushes reaction to the left by “blowing off ” CO2 CO2 (expired) + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ ...
Cellular mechanisms underlying network synchrony in the medial
... Encoding interference problem Spike ...
... Encoding interference problem Spike ...
The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements
... and excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This would be reflected as enhanced facilitation and possibly expansion of the “center” of the present centersurround model (Figure 1). An alternative scheme, based on reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the striatum in dystonic monkeys and in ...
... and excessive disinhibition of motor cortical areas. This would be reflected as enhanced facilitation and possibly expansion of the “center” of the present centersurround model (Figure 1). An alternative scheme, based on reduced dopamine D2 receptor binding in the striatum in dystonic monkeys and in ...
The mirror system hypothesis
... actions. However, as we saw earlier, only humans have “complex imitation”, the ability to imitate sequences of behaviors and approximate novel actions as variants of known actions after one or just a few viewings of this novel behavior. As backdrop for our own work, we draw some important lessons fr ...
... actions. However, as we saw earlier, only humans have “complex imitation”, the ability to imitate sequences of behaviors and approximate novel actions as variants of known actions after one or just a few viewings of this novel behavior. As backdrop for our own work, we draw some important lessons fr ...
THE MIRROR SYSTEM HYPOTHESIS: FROM A MACAQUE
... S2: A mirror system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and monkey. S3: A system for simple imitation of grasping shared with the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. The next 3 stages distinguish the hominid line from that of the great apes: S4: A complex imitation system for ...
... S2: A mirror system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and monkey. S3: A system for simple imitation of grasping shared with the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. The next 3 stages distinguish the hominid line from that of the great apes: S4: A complex imitation system for ...
temporal visual event recognition
... in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled lines”, in which each neuron’s firing can represent events on dif ...
... in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled lines”, in which each neuron’s firing can represent events on dif ...
Nerve Impulse Transmission
... carry it toward the cell body, which contains the nucleus. • The axon carries the impulse from the cell body toward the synaptic knobs where it will be transferred to other neurons. ...
... carry it toward the cell body, which contains the nucleus. • The axon carries the impulse from the cell body toward the synaptic knobs where it will be transferred to other neurons. ...
My First PowerPoint Presentation
... Regulates firing rate of both DA and 5-HT neurons potentially via interference with autoreceptor regulation Potential anxiolytic effect in stress-induced hyperthermia test in mice Reduces cocaine and NMDA antagonist induced hyperactivity in mice Reduces hyperactivity of DAT-KO mice ...
... Regulates firing rate of both DA and 5-HT neurons potentially via interference with autoreceptor regulation Potential anxiolytic effect in stress-induced hyperthermia test in mice Reduces cocaine and NMDA antagonist induced hyperactivity in mice Reduces hyperactivity of DAT-KO mice ...
the mirror system hypothesis: from a macaque
... S2: A mirror system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and monkey. S3: A system for simple imitation of grasping shared with the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. The next 3 stages distinguish the hominid line from that of the great apes: S4: A complex imitation system for ...
... S2: A mirror system for grasping, shared with the common ancestor of human and monkey. S3: A system for simple imitation of grasping shared with the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee. The next 3 stages distinguish the hominid line from that of the great apes: S4: A complex imitation system for ...
Slide ()
... The axons of retinal ganglion cells grow to the optic tectum in discrete steps. Two neurons that carry information from the nasal half of the retina are shown. The axon of one crosses the optic chiasm to reach the contralateral optic tectum. The axon of the other also crosses the optic chiasm but pr ...
... The axons of retinal ganglion cells grow to the optic tectum in discrete steps. Two neurons that carry information from the nasal half of the retina are shown. The axon of one crosses the optic chiasm to reach the contralateral optic tectum. The axon of the other also crosses the optic chiasm but pr ...
A Small World of Neuronal Synchrony
... 2006). Thus, a small-world network has many local interactions, indicated by the high clustering property inherent to regular networks and short average path length among any pair of nodes, which is a property inherent to random networks. This organization optimizes the network for both local and gl ...
... 2006). Thus, a small-world network has many local interactions, indicated by the high clustering property inherent to regular networks and short average path length among any pair of nodes, which is a property inherent to random networks. This organization optimizes the network for both local and gl ...
New dimensions of interneuronal specialization unmasked by
... populations. However, even within a single layer, subpopulations of principal cells can often be differentiated by their distinct long-range projection targets. Such subpopulations of principal cells can have different local connection properties and excitatory inputs, forming subnetworks that may s ...
... populations. However, even within a single layer, subpopulations of principal cells can often be differentiated by their distinct long-range projection targets. Such subpopulations of principal cells can have different local connection properties and excitatory inputs, forming subnetworks that may s ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... and to study the possible correlation between their response characteristics to afferent (labyrinth and neck) inputs and cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the vestibulospinal axon. If response characteristics are determined by neuronal properties related to cell size, then they shou ...
... and to study the possible correlation between their response characteristics to afferent (labyrinth and neck) inputs and cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the vestibulospinal axon. If response characteristics are determined by neuronal properties related to cell size, then they shou ...
HSC YEAR 12 BIOLOGY Communications
... the retina also known as the fovea. Cones are conical cells containing the visual pigment photopsins. This pigment consists of joining retinal molecule and one of the three types of photopsin protein. Each type of photopsin protein absorbs light of different wavelengths i.e. light of different colou ...
... the retina also known as the fovea. Cones are conical cells containing the visual pigment photopsins. This pigment consists of joining retinal molecule and one of the three types of photopsin protein. Each type of photopsin protein absorbs light of different wavelengths i.e. light of different colou ...
Neural Coding: Higher Order Temporal Patterns in the
... from statistical physics and information theory. In this section we consider only models for synchronous firing. Generalization to temporal and spatiotemporal effects is treated in Section 3. 2.1 Effects or Coefficients of Log-Linear Models Consider a set of n neurons. Each neuron is modeled as a bi ...
... from statistical physics and information theory. In this section we consider only models for synchronous firing. Generalization to temporal and spatiotemporal effects is treated in Section 3. 2.1 Effects or Coefficients of Log-Linear Models Consider a set of n neurons. Each neuron is modeled as a bi ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... to insure that NGF was not retained within the components of the ventricular access device. Cytochrome C was not used as a control drug, because, in a preliminary case, we found that it caused reactive astrocytosis, primarily in circumventricular brain regions. In all animals, small samples of CSF w ...
... to insure that NGF was not retained within the components of the ventricular access device. Cytochrome C was not used as a control drug, because, in a preliminary case, we found that it caused reactive astrocytosis, primarily in circumventricular brain regions. In all animals, small samples of CSF w ...
lecture 02
... ways by the relative density of the tissue – by passing a beam through the body at many different angles it becomes possible to reconstruct an image of the body ...
... ways by the relative density of the tissue – by passing a beam through the body at many different angles it becomes possible to reconstruct an image of the body ...
The effect of fasting on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic arcuate
... 4A, C, 5A, 6A) among other ultrastructural changes. They were formed by two cisternae of the RER attached closely to each other. Their outer membranes were irregularly studded with ribosomes. The narrow cleft between two adjacent membranes was often filled with moderately dense material. In the cont ...
... 4A, C, 5A, 6A) among other ultrastructural changes. They were formed by two cisternae of the RER attached closely to each other. Their outer membranes were irregularly studded with ribosomes. The narrow cleft between two adjacent membranes was often filled with moderately dense material. In the cont ...
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
... A good textbook is all about teaching, but there is no teaching if there is no learning. Over the years, my students taught me a great deal about what they needed to help them learn. For one thing, I realized how important it is for students to build on their knowledge throughout the course, so I m ...
... A good textbook is all about teaching, but there is no teaching if there is no learning. Over the years, my students taught me a great deal about what they needed to help them learn. For one thing, I realized how important it is for students to build on their knowledge throughout the course, so I m ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.