The Artificial Intelligence of Geoengineering
... capacity of a doorstop. Although science knows a great deal more about AI and brain mapping than back in the 1950s, we are a long way from modeling our minds. Science hasn’t fared much better with that other paragon of complexity, the human genome. Watson and Crick discovered DNA in the early 1950s ...
... capacity of a doorstop. Although science knows a great deal more about AI and brain mapping than back in the 1950s, we are a long way from modeling our minds. Science hasn’t fared much better with that other paragon of complexity, the human genome. Watson and Crick discovered DNA in the early 1950s ...
EU action against climate change - Leading global action to 2020
... To put the world on track to reduce global emissions by at least half of 1990 levels by 2050, the IPCC’s AR4 shows that developed countries collectively need to cut their emissions to 25-40% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80-95% by 2050. If current emission trends continue, the 2°C threshold may b ...
... To put the world on track to reduce global emissions by at least half of 1990 levels by 2050, the IPCC’s AR4 shows that developed countries collectively need to cut their emissions to 25-40% below 1990 levels by 2020 and by 80-95% by 2050. If current emission trends continue, the 2°C threshold may b ...
CRS Report for Congress Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol
... purpose of this proviso is to make it clear that a nation cannot entirely fulfill its responsibility to reduce domestic emissions by relying primarily on emissions trading or joint implementation to meet its targets. Joint implementation is project-based activity in which one country can receive emi ...
... purpose of this proviso is to make it clear that a nation cannot entirely fulfill its responsibility to reduce domestic emissions by relying primarily on emissions trading or joint implementation to meet its targets. Joint implementation is project-based activity in which one country can receive emi ...
A balance of bottom-up and top-down in linking climate policies
... linked markets are more liquid and more efficient, allowing money to flow where the marginal cost of abatement is lowest. Firms that can produce reductions more cheaply will do so and sell allowances and offsets to firms for which emissions reductions are more expensive to generate. These transactio ...
... linked markets are more liquid and more efficient, allowing money to flow where the marginal cost of abatement is lowest. Firms that can produce reductions more cheaply will do so and sell allowances and offsets to firms for which emissions reductions are more expensive to generate. These transactio ...
sectoral classification for the low carbon economy in south africa
... The National Inventory is the carbon footprint of the country. The UNFCCC requires that this be submitted on a biennial basis – once every second year. The lead agency for the National Inventory is the Department of Environmental Affairs The UNFCCC requires that reports are submitted in the Common R ...
... The National Inventory is the carbon footprint of the country. The UNFCCC requires that this be submitted on a biennial basis – once every second year. The lead agency for the National Inventory is the Department of Environmental Affairs The UNFCCC requires that reports are submitted in the Common R ...
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Carbon Tax Design)
... of climate change and other environmental damages are reflected in the price of energy and that the relative prices between carbon intensive and low carbon technologies are correctly reflected. Energy sector’s environmental externalities include GHG emissions and local air pollution damages (emissio ...
... of climate change and other environmental damages are reflected in the price of energy and that the relative prices between carbon intensive and low carbon technologies are correctly reflected. Energy sector’s environmental externalities include GHG emissions and local air pollution damages (emissio ...
PDF
... emissions (or CO2‐equivalent on greenhouse gas emissions) by sources covered by the tax, or – more likely – a tax on the carbon content of the three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) as they enter the economy. To be cost‐effective, such a tax would cover a ...
... emissions (or CO2‐equivalent on greenhouse gas emissions) by sources covered by the tax, or – more likely – a tax on the carbon content of the three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) as they enter the economy. To be cost‐effective, such a tax would cover a ...
Le grand prix de l`entreprise patrimoniale
... Annex 1 parties must establish domestic policies and measures to cut GHG emissions (‘Green policies’) and establish national agencies to monitor and report emissions ...
... Annex 1 parties must establish domestic policies and measures to cut GHG emissions (‘Green policies’) and establish national agencies to monitor and report emissions ...
Embargoed Material – Do not distribute, blog, tweet, forward, or
... With a comprehensive climate bill stalled at the federal level, many are turning to the states to make progress toward reducing carbon emissions. Are they ready? To succeed, reductions will be needed from many sectors. This report examines what states are doing to reduce carbon emissions from transp ...
... With a comprehensive climate bill stalled at the federal level, many are turning to the states to make progress toward reducing carbon emissions. Are they ready? To succeed, reductions will be needed from many sectors. This report examines what states are doing to reduce carbon emissions from transp ...
Climate Change and International Protocols
... • Thus, the Copenhagen meetings may result in a framework (similar to Kyoto in 1997) rather than a fully elaborated agreement in December 2009. Details would be decided afterwards, similar to Kyoto details being finalized in Marrakesh in 2001 (4-years after Kyoto). • To have this done by the end of ...
... • Thus, the Copenhagen meetings may result in a framework (similar to Kyoto in 1997) rather than a fully elaborated agreement in December 2009. Details would be decided afterwards, similar to Kyoto details being finalized in Marrakesh in 2001 (4-years after Kyoto). • To have this done by the end of ...
Thank God men cannot as yet fly and lay waste the sky as well as
... with the cutbacks to begin in 2009 models. In an article by the New York Times, “a new federal law will require automakers to meet a 35-mile-per-gallon fleetwide standard for cars and trucks sold in the United States by 2020. It does not address carbon dioxide emissions, but such emissions would be ...
... with the cutbacks to begin in 2009 models. In an article by the New York Times, “a new federal law will require automakers to meet a 35-mile-per-gallon fleetwide standard for cars and trucks sold in the United States by 2020. It does not address carbon dioxide emissions, but such emissions would be ...
VOLUNTARY CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE PROGRAM
... The total estimated direct greenhouse gas emissions from Company pipeline system operations in 1997 was 2,432 tonnes (expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents). These emissions consist mainly of carbon dioxide from fleet vehicles and space heating. Further details of the direct sources of greenhouse ...
... The total estimated direct greenhouse gas emissions from Company pipeline system operations in 1997 was 2,432 tonnes (expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents). These emissions consist mainly of carbon dioxide from fleet vehicles and space heating. Further details of the direct sources of greenhouse ...
Carbon impact - Electricity North West
... Numerous examples of project based calculations of this type are found in the projects submitted to the UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is a carbon trading framework within the legally binding international climate change regime, the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol.1 Government and industry led ...
... Numerous examples of project based calculations of this type are found in the projects submitted to the UN Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM is a carbon trading framework within the legally binding international climate change regime, the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol.1 Government and industry led ...
Climate Change Mitigation in Emerging Economies The Case of
... developed countries. Nevertheless, the prevention of dangerous climate change, which is the main objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), can only be achieved through mitigation efforts in all countries. Since 1992, the UNFCCC has called for effective action a ...
... developed countries. Nevertheless, the prevention of dangerous climate change, which is the main objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), can only be achieved through mitigation efforts in all countries. Since 1992, the UNFCCC has called for effective action a ...
Ambiente & Sociedade 1414-753X Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e
... The document focused on the above mentioned two points and proposed solutions. Regarding the first point, the paper suggests the adoption of the growth in global mean surface temperature as the sole variable to measure climate change. This is a comprehensive measure as it reflects the impact of emis ...
... The document focused on the above mentioned two points and proposed solutions. Regarding the first point, the paper suggests the adoption of the growth in global mean surface temperature as the sole variable to measure climate change. This is a comprehensive measure as it reflects the impact of emis ...
Tropical Hydropower is a Significant Source of Greenhouse Gas
... four reservoirs for which Rosa et al. found higher emissions than gas plants range in size from 312 to 2,430 square kilometers – sizes typical of tropical reservoirs. The four projects with lower gross emissions than fossil-fuel plants had reservoirs between 51 and 1,549 km2, again, a typical range ...
... four reservoirs for which Rosa et al. found higher emissions than gas plants range in size from 312 to 2,430 square kilometers – sizes typical of tropical reservoirs. The four projects with lower gross emissions than fossil-fuel plants had reservoirs between 51 and 1,549 km2, again, a typical range ...
Framework for Long-Term Deep Carbon Reduction Planning
... way cities provide services, invest in infrastructure, and engage with stakeholders. Cities must innovate, because few proven solutions exist and because any solution has to be adapted to the city’s specific context. In the pages that follow, visionary leaders from vanguard cities share their lesson ...
... way cities provide services, invest in infrastructure, and engage with stakeholders. Cities must innovate, because few proven solutions exist and because any solution has to be adapted to the city’s specific context. In the pages that follow, visionary leaders from vanguard cities share their lesson ...
After Kyoto: A Global Scramble for Advantage
... 1990 the Annex I countries, with the United States leading, produced roughly 64 percent of all greenhouse gases, which then totaled 6 billion tons annually.3 The developing countries, led by China, produced the remaining 36 percent. Forecasts of emissions for the year 2015 place total emissions at 8 ...
... 1990 the Annex I countries, with the United States leading, produced roughly 64 percent of all greenhouse gases, which then totaled 6 billion tons annually.3 The developing countries, led by China, produced the remaining 36 percent. Forecasts of emissions for the year 2015 place total emissions at 8 ...
PDF - Boston University
... meetings. It must be actively revisited to achieve a downward trend in shipping emissions. As discussed below, each option for state allocation dramatically differs in its political and geographical ramifications in terms of which corners of the globe would bear the burden of the responsibility of p ...
... meetings. It must be actively revisited to achieve a downward trend in shipping emissions. As discussed below, each option for state allocation dramatically differs in its political and geographical ramifications in terms of which corners of the globe would bear the burden of the responsibility of p ...
here
... ETS: the mother of all slush funds • The ETS with full coverage of all sectors would raise c$8 billion from sale of permits at the initial fixed price of $20 per tonne of CO2, and more than $16 billion after auctions lead to convergence with the EU price of $45 per tonne. • Allocating as proposed h ...
... ETS: the mother of all slush funds • The ETS with full coverage of all sectors would raise c$8 billion from sale of permits at the initial fixed price of $20 per tonne of CO2, and more than $16 billion after auctions lead to convergence with the EU price of $45 per tonne. • Allocating as proposed h ...
Further action needed on carbon pricing
... avoid paying the carbon price17. This creates incentives for companies to invest in climate-oriented R&D. However, policies to support R&D such as tax credits or direct spending, especially in primary research or in areas not directly tied to emission mitigation, can unlock additional opportunities ...
... avoid paying the carbon price17. This creates incentives for companies to invest in climate-oriented R&D. However, policies to support R&D such as tax credits or direct spending, especially in primary research or in areas not directly tied to emission mitigation, can unlock additional opportunities ...
Carbon Capture and Storage Rule
... Respond to Supreme Court Ruling that GHGs are air pollutants under the Clean Air Act (CAA), as well as 7 petitions to set GHG standards for various mobile source categories Review EPA’s work to date on potential motor vehicle GHG standards Examine CAA provisions potentially applicable to GHGs, ...
... Respond to Supreme Court Ruling that GHGs are air pollutants under the Clean Air Act (CAA), as well as 7 petitions to set GHG standards for various mobile source categories Review EPA’s work to date on potential motor vehicle GHG standards Examine CAA provisions potentially applicable to GHGs, ...
Learning Objectives - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Carbon Funds and Emissions Brokerages—funds set up to purchase carbon credits and brokerages mediate between buyers and sellers of the credits. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)—promotes reductions in emissions of developing countries. Carbon Neutral—emissions offset by removal of an equal amount of ...
... Carbon Funds and Emissions Brokerages—funds set up to purchase carbon credits and brokerages mediate between buyers and sellers of the credits. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)—promotes reductions in emissions of developing countries. Carbon Neutral—emissions offset by removal of an equal amount of ...
GHG projections of Romania
... • WEM will be enough for 2012 commitment • Projected emissions for 2015 and 2020 will remain still very much below the Kyoto target. • A high potential of further GHG reduction • High potential for GIS projects • However, there is a potential of accelerated increase of emissions • Changes in the mod ...
... • WEM will be enough for 2012 commitment • Projected emissions for 2015 and 2020 will remain still very much below the Kyoto target. • A high potential of further GHG reduction • High potential for GIS projects • However, there is a potential of accelerated increase of emissions • Changes in the mod ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.