POLICYFORUM
... gasoline and fossil diesel per unit of energy (S2, S3). Many do so in practice by assuming that there are no emissions from the combustion of the biofuels on the theory that they are necessarily canceled out by the carbon absorbed through the growth of the plants that become the biofuel. Higher prod ...
... gasoline and fossil diesel per unit of energy (S2, S3). Many do so in practice by assuming that there are no emissions from the combustion of the biofuels on the theory that they are necessarily canceled out by the carbon absorbed through the growth of the plants that become the biofuel. Higher prod ...
Official PDF , 28 pages
... should make sacrifices in their own living standards for the sake of uncertain gains to their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, and to the grandchildren of others, remote in distance. The wide distribution of expected but distant benefits in response to collective action today provides an incen ...
... should make sacrifices in their own living standards for the sake of uncertain gains to their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, and to the grandchildren of others, remote in distance. The wide distribution of expected but distant benefits in response to collective action today provides an incen ...
HFC air-conditioners
... include both manufacturers and businesses that rely on CFC, HCFC and/or HFC gases, such as Ford Motor Company, Dow Chemical, Fujitsu, General Motors Company, and Hitachi. 8. What countries contribute most to HFC emissions? According to recent UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) reports, 80% ...
... include both manufacturers and businesses that rely on CFC, HCFC and/or HFC gases, such as Ford Motor Company, Dow Chemical, Fujitsu, General Motors Company, and Hitachi. 8. What countries contribute most to HFC emissions? According to recent UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) reports, 80% ...
Environmental Pillar Submission on Agriculture Roadmap
... leakage’ in its Mitigation Action Plan. Other documents from DAFM and Teagasc have stressed carbon leakage but the argument fails if no system (taxation, regulation) is also proposed to reduce overall global emissions by either regulating or taxing the emissions embodied in traded foods, especially ...
... leakage’ in its Mitigation Action Plan. Other documents from DAFM and Teagasc have stressed carbon leakage but the argument fails if no system (taxation, regulation) is also proposed to reduce overall global emissions by either regulating or taxing the emissions embodied in traded foods, especially ...
Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major
... Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore across various sectors and expresses the total emission in terms of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq). Emissions from key sectors like electricity, transportation, industries, agriculture, waste and others have been computed. Country specific emission fa ...
... Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore across various sectors and expresses the total emission in terms of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq). Emissions from key sectors like electricity, transportation, industries, agriculture, waste and others have been computed. Country specific emission fa ...
Energy and the Environment: a cold climate for climate change
... Climate policy typically encourages clean innovation while discouraging dirty innovation. 9 Hence, for climate policies to generate a positive growth effect, it is necessary for the social returns from innovation in clean technologies – the knowledge spillovers – to outweigh the social returns from ...
... Climate policy typically encourages clean innovation while discouraging dirty innovation. 9 Hence, for climate policies to generate a positive growth effect, it is necessary for the social returns from innovation in clean technologies – the knowledge spillovers – to outweigh the social returns from ...
New Zealand - Environmental Defense Fund
... Use Change, and Forestry, or LULUCF)4 or to take responsibility for the excess.5 New Zealand plans to achieve its Kyoto commitment via emissions reductions, increased carbon sinks from LULUCF, and participation in the international carbon market for Kyoto units. In 2011, the country emitted 72.8 MtC ...
... Use Change, and Forestry, or LULUCF)4 or to take responsibility for the excess.5 New Zealand plans to achieve its Kyoto commitment via emissions reductions, increased carbon sinks from LULUCF, and participation in the international carbon market for Kyoto units. In 2011, the country emitted 72.8 MtC ...
Jerome Weingart and Judy Siegel Energy and Security Group Reston
... MMT CO2-e per year for China, India, and emerging Asia road transport fuels ...
... MMT CO2-e per year for China, India, and emerging Asia road transport fuels ...
The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change
... questions not yet answered, and the uncertainties that make judgment difficult. But the appearance of this report marked the point at which it became clear that most of the scientists involved had concluded that, to one degree or another, human activity appears to be playing a part in global warming ...
... questions not yet answered, and the uncertainties that make judgment difficult. But the appearance of this report marked the point at which it became clear that most of the scientists involved had concluded that, to one degree or another, human activity appears to be playing a part in global warming ...
The scientific case for a cumulative carbon budget
... Implications for mitigation policy Many national and international policies still treat climate change as a flow problem, focusing on reducing the overall rate of greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, 2030 or 2050. But while reducing the rate of accumulation of CO2 emissions buys time, it does not solve ...
... Implications for mitigation policy Many national and international policies still treat climate change as a flow problem, focusing on reducing the overall rate of greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, 2030 or 2050. But while reducing the rate of accumulation of CO2 emissions buys time, it does not solve ...
Out of the Bunker: Time for a fair deal on shipping emissions
... Champions for such a deal are emerging. As G20 chair, France has made innovative financing for climate change and development a high priority for the summit in Cannes in November 2011 on the eve of the Durban COP. France and Germany both called this July for revenues from a carbon price for ships to ...
... Champions for such a deal are emerging. As G20 chair, France has made innovative financing for climate change and development a high priority for the summit in Cannes in November 2011 on the eve of the Durban COP. France and Germany both called this July for revenues from a carbon price for ships to ...
International Climate Change Negotiations and Agriculture Policy Focus May 2009
... plans and inventories does not exist to our knowledge and would be a worthwhile undertaking. ...
... plans and inventories does not exist to our knowledge and would be a worthwhile undertaking. ...
Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from major
... Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore across various sectors and expresses the total emission in terms of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq). Emissions from key sectors like electricity, transportation, industries, agriculture, waste and others have been computed. Country specific emission fa ...
... Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore across various sectors and expresses the total emission in terms of Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 eq). Emissions from key sectors like electricity, transportation, industries, agriculture, waste and others have been computed. Country specific emission fa ...
Welcome to ICAEW’s , a quarterly forecast for the region prepared
... environment–economy trade-off softening, but it is not the only one. This report will consider this and other examples of development’s effects on the environment, from a South East Asian perspective. ASEAN’s own progress is instructive as environmental impact primarily depends on development, and a ...
... environment–economy trade-off softening, but it is not the only one. This report will consider this and other examples of development’s effects on the environment, from a South East Asian perspective. ASEAN’s own progress is instructive as environmental impact primarily depends on development, and a ...
Executive Summary
... targets, and levels expected in that year if country pledges and commitments are met. As it becomes less and less likely that the emissions gap will be closed by 2020, the world will have to rely on more difficult, costlier and riskier means after 2020 of keeping the global average temperature incre ...
... targets, and levels expected in that year if country pledges and commitments are met. As it becomes less and less likely that the emissions gap will be closed by 2020, the world will have to rely on more difficult, costlier and riskier means after 2020 of keeping the global average temperature incre ...
senate rules committee - senate floor analysis
... AB 32 requires ARB, among other things, to inventory GHG emissions in California; implement regulations that achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reduction of GHG emissions and impose fees for administrative implementation costs; adopt discrete early action measures; prepa ...
... AB 32 requires ARB, among other things, to inventory GHG emissions in California; implement regulations that achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reduction of GHG emissions and impose fees for administrative implementation costs; adopt discrete early action measures; prepa ...
the factsheet
... Another study quantified the carbon fluxes after the construction of five small dams in Canada and concluded that the primary source of emissions was the rotting of flooded organic matter,7 which contributes to net emissions. A carbon balance calculation carried out for the Petit Saut Reservoir in F ...
... Another study quantified the carbon fluxes after the construction of five small dams in Canada and concluded that the primary source of emissions was the rotting of flooded organic matter,7 which contributes to net emissions. A carbon balance calculation carried out for the Petit Saut Reservoir in F ...
Slide 1
... rise on small islands, impacts on corals1) increasingly, there are calls for 1.5⁰C and 350ppm CO2eq. Note : CO2 concentration is now 386ppm • Moreover, at current emission levels, 4⁰C could happen by 2100 (UK MetOffice, Sept 20092) * NL publication on News in Climate Science3 reviews post- AR4 sci ...
... rise on small islands, impacts on corals1) increasingly, there are calls for 1.5⁰C and 350ppm CO2eq. Note : CO2 concentration is now 386ppm • Moreover, at current emission levels, 4⁰C could happen by 2100 (UK MetOffice, Sept 20092) * NL publication on News in Climate Science3 reviews post- AR4 sci ...
PDF
... reasons are that there is a huge range of ways of abating GHG emissions, and a correspondingly huge range of marginal abatement costs, but no cheap, practicable and universal options for end-of-pipe abatement technologies. Together these mean that governments cannot reliably pick winners: they canno ...
... reasons are that there is a huge range of ways of abating GHG emissions, and a correspondingly huge range of marginal abatement costs, but no cheap, practicable and universal options for end-of-pipe abatement technologies. Together these mean that governments cannot reliably pick winners: they canno ...
Document
... The federal government’s plan will allow GHG emissions from tar sands to increase from 29 Mt (2006) to 80 Mt (2017) before dropping to 49 Mt (2020). Facilities starting in 2012 or later will face emission intensity targets based on CCS: But not starting until 2018. CCS target has not been se ...
... The federal government’s plan will allow GHG emissions from tar sands to increase from 29 Mt (2006) to 80 Mt (2017) before dropping to 49 Mt (2020). Facilities starting in 2012 or later will face emission intensity targets based on CCS: But not starting until 2018. CCS target has not been se ...
Carbon offsets and carbon market implications for private
... http://cdm.unfccc.int/contest/09/pc09_top25.html ...
... http://cdm.unfccc.int/contest/09/pc09_top25.html ...
UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol and CDM
... Conference of Parties (CoP) - supreme decision-making body of the Convention - primary task is to promote and review the implementation of the Convention and any related legal instruments (such as the Kyoto Protocol, etc.) - has convened six meetings since the Convention’s entry into force on Marc ...
... Conference of Parties (CoP) - supreme decision-making body of the Convention - primary task is to promote and review the implementation of the Convention and any related legal instruments (such as the Kyoto Protocol, etc.) - has convened six meetings since the Convention’s entry into force on Marc ...
The Promise and Problems of Pricing Carbon: Theory and
... emissions (or CO2‐equivalent on greenhouse gas emissions) by sources covered by the tax, or – more likely – a tax on the carbon content of the three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) as they enter the economy. To be cost‐effective, such a tax would cover a ...
... emissions (or CO2‐equivalent on greenhouse gas emissions) by sources covered by the tax, or – more likely – a tax on the carbon content of the three fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas) as they enter the economy. To be cost‐effective, such a tax would cover a ...
Carbon Budgets - National Assembly for Wales
... standardised metric for measuring carbon footprints. This allows the total emissions from a range of GHGs to be expressed as a quantity of CO2 that would lead to the same amount of warming. The various gases are converted into CO2 equivalent using standard ratios based on their global warming potent ...
... standardised metric for measuring carbon footprints. This allows the total emissions from a range of GHGs to be expressed as a quantity of CO2 that would lead to the same amount of warming. The various gases are converted into CO2 equivalent using standard ratios based on their global warming potent ...
Dealing with reality - Oxford Academic
... Not being a scientist, this author makes no judgements on the merits of the scientific evidence for anthropogenic global warming. The UNFCCC says, ‘The Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where t ...
... Not being a scientist, this author makes no judgements on the merits of the scientific evidence for anthropogenic global warming. The UNFCCC says, ‘The Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects. Where t ...
Emissions trading
Emissions trading or cap and trade (""cap"" meaning a legal limit on the quantity of a certain type of chemical an economy can emit each year) is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. Various countries, groups of companies, and states have adopted emission trading systems as one of the strategies for mitigating climate-change by addressing international greenhouse-gas emission.A central authority (usually a governmental body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that may be emitted. The limit or cap is allocated and/or sold by the central authority to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or discharge a specific volume of the specified pollutant. Permits (and possibly also derivatives of permits) can then be traded on secondary markets. For example, the EU ETS trades primarily in European Union Allowances (EUAs), the Californian scheme in California Carbon Allowances, the New Zealand scheme in New Zealand Units and the Australian scheme in Australian Units. Firms are required to hold a number of permits (or allowances or carbon credits) equivalent to their emissions. The total number of permits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of emissions must buy permits from those who require fewer permits.The transfer of permits is referred to as a ""trade"". In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller gains a reward for having reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who can reduce emissions most cheaply will do so, achieving the pollution reduction at the lowest cost to society.There are active trading programs in several air pollutants. For greenhouse gases the largest is the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, whose purpose is to avoid dangerous climate change. Cap and trade provides the private sector with the flexibility required to reduce emissions while stimulating technological innovation and economic growth. The United States has a national market to reduce acid rain and several regional markets in nitrogen oxides.