Nucleoredoxin and Wnt signaling in F9 cells
... a model to mimic this process in vitro [6, 7]. The F9 cell line was established by grafting 6-day old embryos into host testes of the mouse 129/Sv strain to produce teratomas [8]. Normally, these F9 teratocarcinoma cells undergo little differentiation, but when treated with retinoic acid (RA), a vit ...
... a model to mimic this process in vitro [6, 7]. The F9 cell line was established by grafting 6-day old embryos into host testes of the mouse 129/Sv strain to produce teratomas [8]. Normally, these F9 teratocarcinoma cells undergo little differentiation, but when treated with retinoic acid (RA), a vit ...
Whole mount in situ hybridization shows Endo 16
... termination of Endo 16 expression in the various secondary mesenchyme cells types appears to be a discrete change at the transcriptional level. While these cells are part of the vegetal plate territory they actively transcribe Endo 16. But apparently simultaneously with becoming motile, a switch in ...
... termination of Endo 16 expression in the various secondary mesenchyme cells types appears to be a discrete change at the transcriptional level. While these cells are part of the vegetal plate territory they actively transcribe Endo 16. But apparently simultaneously with becoming motile, a switch in ...
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... to amplify genetic diversity by enabling the number of proteins arising from the genes to be increased by a factor of 10 times [4]. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing can also regulate protein expression in a cell-specific or tissue-specific manner in response to precise environmental or developmental cu ...
... to amplify genetic diversity by enabling the number of proteins arising from the genes to be increased by a factor of 10 times [4]. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing can also regulate protein expression in a cell-specific or tissue-specific manner in response to precise environmental or developmental cu ...
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... key roles in regulating neuron development. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. A particularly intimate association between accessory cells and neurons is found in insect chordotonal organs. We have found that the cap cell, one of two accessory cells o ...
... key roles in regulating neuron development. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. A particularly intimate association between accessory cells and neurons is found in insect chordotonal organs. We have found that the cap cell, one of two accessory cells o ...
Cellulose orientation determines mechanical anisotropy in onion
... To study the reversibility of cell wall extension in vitro, 2 or 5 g loads were subsequently added onto and then removed from the scale of the extensiometer at 60 s intervals. On the basis of the recorded cell wall strain curves, total deformation, initial deformation, and creep were calculated for ...
... To study the reversibility of cell wall extension in vitro, 2 or 5 g loads were subsequently added onto and then removed from the scale of the extensiometer at 60 s intervals. On the basis of the recorded cell wall strain curves, total deformation, initial deformation, and creep were calculated for ...
The Salmonella Effector Protein SopA Modulates Innate Immune
... infection. We infected cultured human epithelial cells with an S. Typhimurium strain expressing either FLAG-epitope-tagged SopA or the equally tagged unrelated T3SS effector protein PipA as a specificity control. Interacting proteins were then identified by immune-affinity purification and mass spec ...
... infection. We infected cultured human epithelial cells with an S. Typhimurium strain expressing either FLAG-epitope-tagged SopA or the equally tagged unrelated T3SS effector protein PipA as a specificity control. Interacting proteins were then identified by immune-affinity purification and mass spec ...
Multiscale Systems Analysis of Root Growth and
... descriptions have had essentially phenomenological components: Relating the quantities that appear within them to the cellular and subcellular properties is a crucial and challenging aspect of multiscale mechanistic modeling. Systematic mathematical procedures (associated with homogenization theory ...
... descriptions have had essentially phenomenological components: Relating the quantities that appear within them to the cellular and subcellular properties is a crucial and challenging aspect of multiscale mechanistic modeling. Systematic mathematical procedures (associated with homogenization theory ...
Synthetic Plant Promoters Containing Defined
... and present evidence that a range of cis-acting elements (boxes W1, W2, GCC, JERE, S, Gst1, and D) can mediate local gene expression in planta after pathogen attack. The expression patterns of the promoters were monitored during interactions with a number of pathogens, including compatible, incompat ...
... and present evidence that a range of cis-acting elements (boxes W1, W2, GCC, JERE, S, Gst1, and D) can mediate local gene expression in planta after pathogen attack. The expression patterns of the promoters were monitored during interactions with a number of pathogens, including compatible, incompat ...
Gene Deletion Screen for Cardiomyopathy in Adult Drosophila
... nity, forward genetic screens for adult heart phenotypes have been rarely performed because of the difficulty in accurately measuring cardiac function in adult Drosophila. Recently, we developed a strategy to obtain rapid and accurate real-time measurements of cardiac function in the awake adult fly ...
... nity, forward genetic screens for adult heart phenotypes have been rarely performed because of the difficulty in accurately measuring cardiac function in adult Drosophila. Recently, we developed a strategy to obtain rapid and accurate real-time measurements of cardiac function in the awake adult fly ...
The Antagonist Function of Arabidopsis WRKY53 and
... npr1-1 treated with SA but completely blocked in the jar1-1 mutant and constitutively high in coil-1 (Figure 2B). These results demonstrate that ESR is a target of the JAR1-mediated and COI1-mediated JA signaling pathways and is downstream of JAR1 and COI1. SA signaling on ESR and WRKY53 expression ...
... npr1-1 treated with SA but completely blocked in the jar1-1 mutant and constitutively high in coil-1 (Figure 2B). These results demonstrate that ESR is a target of the JAR1-mediated and COI1-mediated JA signaling pathways and is downstream of JAR1 and COI1. SA signaling on ESR and WRKY53 expression ...
Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell
... particles such as bacteria. First described by Lewis [6, 24] as large phase-bright organelles originating from plasma membrane (PM) ruffles, macropinosomes were initially thought to occur via non-selective membrane uptake. This view has changed with increased understanding of this process. Owing to ...
... particles such as bacteria. First described by Lewis [6, 24] as large phase-bright organelles originating from plasma membrane (PM) ruffles, macropinosomes were initially thought to occur via non-selective membrane uptake. This view has changed with increased understanding of this process. Owing to ...
Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 is involved
... SALK_127507) (Supplementary Fig. S1A at JXB online), we corroborated that the protruding embryo phenotype, previously described by Bush and Krysan (2007), was present in the homozygous seed populations from both mutant alleles. Closer inspection of the seeds from these mutants showed three segregati ...
... SALK_127507) (Supplementary Fig. S1A at JXB online), we corroborated that the protruding embryo phenotype, previously described by Bush and Krysan (2007), was present in the homozygous seed populations from both mutant alleles. Closer inspection of the seeds from these mutants showed three segregati ...
Regulated adhesion as a driving force of gastrulation movements
... relative positions within the germ layers to form and shape the body axis. Here, we argue that, with respect to their dependence on regulated cell adhesion, all types of gastrulation movement share certain crucial features, and are much more similar than was initially acknowledged. Cell adhesion des ...
... relative positions within the germ layers to form and shape the body axis. Here, we argue that, with respect to their dependence on regulated cell adhesion, all types of gastrulation movement share certain crucial features, and are much more similar than was initially acknowledged. Cell adhesion des ...
Responses Mediated Downregulation of B Cell
... However, no TNF-a production was shown after in vitro stimulation of B cells from young mice with LPS from Francisella tularensis or E. coli (30). There are no data on how much TNF-a is made in B cells from old versus young mice or on whether TNF-a can be released from unstimulated B cells from youn ...
... However, no TNF-a production was shown after in vitro stimulation of B cells from young mice with LPS from Francisella tularensis or E. coli (30). There are no data on how much TNF-a is made in B cells from old versus young mice or on whether TNF-a can be released from unstimulated B cells from youn ...
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... chart of the number of GFP-labeled clusters per eye. Almost as many eyes did not have GFP-labeled cells as had them. The proportion with more than one cluster decreased dramatically. (B) Bar chart of our data (black) obtained using DNA lipofection on the size of GFP lineagelabeled cell clusters comp ...
... chart of the number of GFP-labeled clusters per eye. Almost as many eyes did not have GFP-labeled cells as had them. The proportion with more than one cluster decreased dramatically. (B) Bar chart of our data (black) obtained using DNA lipofection on the size of GFP lineagelabeled cell clusters comp ...
Defining retinal progenitor cell competence in
... chart of the number of GFP-labeled clusters per eye. Almost as many eyes did not have GFP-labeled cells as had them. The proportion with more than one cluster decreased dramatically. (B) Bar chart of our data (black) obtained using DNA lipofection on the size of GFP lineagelabeled cell clusters comp ...
... chart of the number of GFP-labeled clusters per eye. Almost as many eyes did not have GFP-labeled cells as had them. The proportion with more than one cluster decreased dramatically. (B) Bar chart of our data (black) obtained using DNA lipofection on the size of GFP lineagelabeled cell clusters comp ...
A directional strategy for monitoring Cre
... phenotypes often prevent the full analysis of gene functions through generation of germline null mutations in the mouse1. The use of site-specific recombinases, such as Cre, which catalyzes recombination between loxP sites2, has allowed the engineering of mice harboring targeted somatic mutations, w ...
... phenotypes often prevent the full analysis of gene functions through generation of germline null mutations in the mouse1. The use of site-specific recombinases, such as Cre, which catalyzes recombination between loxP sites2, has allowed the engineering of mice harboring targeted somatic mutations, w ...
Synthetic Plant Promoters Containing Defined Regulatory Elements
... The availability of a range of defined synthetic plant promoters that direct controlled local gene expression in response to pathogens would be a major advance. These promoters could be used to help define signaling pathways, to isolate novel mutants using “targeted genetics” (Hooley, 1998), and to ...
... The availability of a range of defined synthetic plant promoters that direct controlled local gene expression in response to pathogens would be a major advance. These promoters could be used to help define signaling pathways, to isolate novel mutants using “targeted genetics” (Hooley, 1998), and to ...
Defining the three cell lineages of the human blastocyst by single
... Tables S1, S2). We focused our analysis on genes with a fold change of more than two between any two developmental stages in each species. To determine the optimum number of k-means clusters, we used the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) score of the human data (supplementary material Fig. S3A), ...
... Tables S1, S2). We focused our analysis on genes with a fold change of more than two between any two developmental stages in each species. To determine the optimum number of k-means clusters, we used the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) score of the human data (supplementary material Fig. S3A), ...
Short-term adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase
... functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylation is mainly regulated by an upstream kinase LKB1 in skelet ...
... functions as an energy sensor and is activated when the cellular AMP to adenosine triphosphate ratio is increased [10]. The phosphorylation of threonine 172 in α-subunit strongly correlates with the AMPK activity [14]. The AMPK phosphorylation is mainly regulated by an upstream kinase LKB1 in skelet ...