21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
... • At the conclusion of the citric acid cycle, the reduced coenzymes formed in the cycle are ready to donate their energy to making additional ATP • Hydrogen and electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron-transport chain at enzyme complexes I and II, respectively. • The enzyme for Step 6 of the ...
... • At the conclusion of the citric acid cycle, the reduced coenzymes formed in the cycle are ready to donate their energy to making additional ATP • Hydrogen and electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron-transport chain at enzyme complexes I and II, respectively. • The enzyme for Step 6 of the ...
Document
... If coupled directly to ADP ATP (7 kcal cost), 46 kcal/mole waste, and heat So the electrons on NADH (and FADH2) are not passed directly to oxygen, but to intermediate ...
... If coupled directly to ADP ATP (7 kcal cost), 46 kcal/mole waste, and heat So the electrons on NADH (and FADH2) are not passed directly to oxygen, but to intermediate ...
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
... • At the conclusion of the citric acid cycle, the reduced coenzymes formed in the cycle are ready to donate their energy to making additional ATP • Hydrogen and electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron-transport chain at enzyme complexes I and II, respectively. • The enzyme for Step 6 of the ...
... • At the conclusion of the citric acid cycle, the reduced coenzymes formed in the cycle are ready to donate their energy to making additional ATP • Hydrogen and electrons from NADH and FADH2 enter the electron-transport chain at enzyme complexes I and II, respectively. • The enzyme for Step 6 of the ...
Introductory Microbiology Chap. 5 Outlines Microbial Metabolism I
... Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. The electrons go through a process similar to what happens during respiration (an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis occur). This process releases energy that is used to bond a phosphate to ADP producing ATP. ...
... Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. The electrons go through a process similar to what happens during respiration (an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis occur). This process releases energy that is used to bond a phosphate to ADP producing ATP. ...
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a critical
... In the first step, the light reactions phase, solar energy is absorbed in the membranes of chlorophyll and chemically changed into ATP and the electron carries NADPH. Water is divided after the electrons are removed from NADP+ which creates NADPH, and oxygen is "wasted" in a gaseous form. After this ...
... In the first step, the light reactions phase, solar energy is absorbed in the membranes of chlorophyll and chemically changed into ATP and the electron carries NADPH. Water is divided after the electrons are removed from NADP+ which creates NADPH, and oxygen is "wasted" in a gaseous form. After this ...
Dr: Anwar J almzaiel Glycolysis
... H2O may divide into an anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen) phases. Theses phases do not involve separate pathways, but that an initial anaerobic phase continuing directly in an aerobic phase in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis: is the term applied to the production of lactic acid ...
... H2O may divide into an anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen) phases. Theses phases do not involve separate pathways, but that an initial anaerobic phase continuing directly in an aerobic phase in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis: is the term applied to the production of lactic acid ...
MedBiochem Exam For each of the following questions, choose the
... B. exist for all side chains or R-groups. C. are the pH value(s) at which 50% of that amino acid functional group is ionized and 50% is not ionized. D. ionizable side chains determine the charge of the protein at physiological pH of 7.4. E. dictate that any amino acid must have at least three differ ...
... B. exist for all side chains or R-groups. C. are the pH value(s) at which 50% of that amino acid functional group is ionized and 50% is not ionized. D. ionizable side chains determine the charge of the protein at physiological pH of 7.4. E. dictate that any amino acid must have at least three differ ...
ATP - TeacherWeb
... ATP is known as the cell’s “money” Cells must have plenty of ATP “money” to spend whenever the cell needs to work Without a constant supply of ATP, the cell will die Cells use to ATP for many things ...
... ATP is known as the cell’s “money” Cells must have plenty of ATP “money” to spend whenever the cell needs to work Without a constant supply of ATP, the cell will die Cells use to ATP for many things ...
Bio 8.3 HW Process of PS
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. • The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. • ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. • The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. • ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
Name
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
8.3 122-125
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
The Light-Dependent Reactions: Generating ATP
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
... pass through electron transport chains, a series of electron carrier proteins. The movement of electrons through an electron transport chain causes a thylakoid to fill up with hydrogen ions and generates ATP and NADPH. ATP synthase is a membrane protein through which excess hydrogen ions escape ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... core of membrane Transport proteins may assist molecules across membrane ...
... core of membrane Transport proteins may assist molecules across membrane ...
Active Transport Lab
... the consequences for amino acid transport. Similarly, you can alter the cellular (inside) or extracellular (outside of cells) levels of amino acids and investigate the effect on how cells use ATP. Because the amino acid transport channel is paired to the ATP-driven sodium/potassium pump, you will ho ...
... the consequences for amino acid transport. Similarly, you can alter the cellular (inside) or extracellular (outside of cells) levels of amino acids and investigate the effect on how cells use ATP. Because the amino acid transport channel is paired to the ATP-driven sodium/potassium pump, you will ho ...
Fuel Metabolism
... For example, entry into a torpor bout triggers the upregulation of fatty acid binding proteins (that provide intracellular transport of fatty acids) and of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase, the enzyme that phosphorylates and ...
... For example, entry into a torpor bout triggers the upregulation of fatty acid binding proteins (that provide intracellular transport of fatty acids) and of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase, the enzyme that phosphorylates and ...
ch9sec1n2_2013
... is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation. _____________ Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. ...
... is the only way to make enough ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy more slowly than fermentation. _____________ Well conditioned athletes must pace themselves during a long race. ...
Nerve activates contraction
... completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules: a closer look • More than three quarters of the original energy in glucose is still present in two molecules of pyruvate. • If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where enzymes of the Krebs cycle complete the oxidation of ...
... completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules: a closer look • More than three quarters of the original energy in glucose is still present in two molecules of pyruvate. • If oxygen is present, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where enzymes of the Krebs cycle complete the oxidation of ...
Slide 1
... for ATP synthesis by the process of oxidative phosphorylation When NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidized to NAD+ and FAD, the electrons released from them are transferred through a chain of electron carrier complexes (redox proteins) by Oxidation-reduction reactions and ultimately delivered to oxygen formi ...
... for ATP synthesis by the process of oxidative phosphorylation When NADH and FADH2 are re-oxidized to NAD+ and FAD, the electrons released from them are transferred through a chain of electron carrier complexes (redox proteins) by Oxidation-reduction reactions and ultimately delivered to oxygen formi ...
Microbial Metabolism
... d. The complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O e. A series of reactions in which pyruvic acid is oxidized to CO2 and H2O ...
... d. The complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O e. A series of reactions in which pyruvic acid is oxidized to CO2 and H2O ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation
... • Paul Boyer finally put the puzzle together by proposing that there must be three sites with different binding affinities for the substrate (ADP + Pi) and product (ATP). • In fact, the three β-subunits interact in such a way that when one assumes the β-empty form, its neighbor to one side must assu ...
... • Paul Boyer finally put the puzzle together by proposing that there must be three sites with different binding affinities for the substrate (ADP + Pi) and product (ATP). • In fact, the three β-subunits interact in such a way that when one assumes the β-empty form, its neighbor to one side must assu ...
What is Photosynthesis?
... photosystem I move through a second electron transfer chain, then combine with NADP+ and H+. NADPH forms. ...
... photosystem I move through a second electron transfer chain, then combine with NADP+ and H+. NADPH forms. ...
Chapter 9 Lecture Notes
... • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. • Under aerobic conditions, NADH transfers its electrons to the electron transfer chain, recycling NAD+. Under anaerobic conditions, various fermentation pathways generate ATP by glycolysis and recycle NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH t ...
... • If the NAD+ pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. • Under aerobic conditions, NADH transfers its electrons to the electron transfer chain, recycling NAD+. Under anaerobic conditions, various fermentation pathways generate ATP by glycolysis and recycle NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH t ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.