Metabolism Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions within an
... aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein because glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle. It also has a central role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and interconversion of ...
... aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein because glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA or intermediates of the cycle. It also has a central role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and interconversion of ...
Bioenergetics
... will work with in this class so forgive if I occasionally drop the prime. ∆Go’ is a constant characteristic for each reaction just as K’eq is a constant characteristic for each reaction. These two constants have a simple relationship. ∆G o ' = − RT ln K 'eq or K 'eq = e ...
... will work with in this class so forgive if I occasionally drop the prime. ∆Go’ is a constant characteristic for each reaction just as K’eq is a constant characteristic for each reaction. These two constants have a simple relationship. ∆G o ' = − RT ln K 'eq or K 'eq = e ...
Intermediate 2 Biology Revision
... The name given to the process yeast cells carryout to produce alcohol Name the other product of this process Name two more industries that use yeast An antibacterial chemical The toxin produced by a fungus, discovered by Alexander Flemming and isolated by Florey and Chain 6. Antibiotics can only be ...
... The name given to the process yeast cells carryout to produce alcohol Name the other product of this process Name two more industries that use yeast An antibacterial chemical The toxin produced by a fungus, discovered by Alexander Flemming and isolated by Florey and Chain 6. Antibiotics can only be ...
humanbiolecture2
... •Eukaryote cells have an internal nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane •The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol & proteins, called a fluid mosiac – because it is not rigid •The cell membrane is selectively permeable •Things cross the membrane by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated t ...
... •Eukaryote cells have an internal nucleus enclosed by nuclear membrane •The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol & proteins, called a fluid mosiac – because it is not rigid •The cell membrane is selectively permeable •Things cross the membrane by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated t ...
SBI-4U1 Exam Review
... 1. What is the difference between passive transport, and active transport? Give an example of a substance that is moved across the cell membrane by each of these methods. Passive – moves substances along their concentration gradients; no energy required. Example: oxygen into cells Active – moves sub ...
... 1. What is the difference between passive transport, and active transport? Give an example of a substance that is moved across the cell membrane by each of these methods. Passive – moves substances along their concentration gradients; no energy required. Example: oxygen into cells Active – moves sub ...
Nutrition PowerPoint
... Protein molecules consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. The smallest part of a protein is called an amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids Compose blood tissue, muscle tissue, hormones and enzymes ...
... Protein molecules consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. The smallest part of a protein is called an amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids Compose blood tissue, muscle tissue, hormones and enzymes ...
Biological Oxidation
... In contrast to oxidation of mitochondrial NADH, cytosolic NADH when oxidized via the electron transport system gives rise to 2 equivalents of ATP if it is oxidized by the glycerol phosphate shuttle and 3 ATPs if it proceeds via the malate aspartate shuttle. The glycerol phosphate shuttle is coupled ...
... In contrast to oxidation of mitochondrial NADH, cytosolic NADH when oxidized via the electron transport system gives rise to 2 equivalents of ATP if it is oxidized by the glycerol phosphate shuttle and 3 ATPs if it proceeds via the malate aspartate shuttle. The glycerol phosphate shuttle is coupled ...
Chapter 8 & 9 Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration
... exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues. ...
... exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues. ...
Aerobic Respiration
... • What are the sources of electrons used to generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
... • What are the sources of electrons used to generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
Energy Transfer Review notes
... During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP ...
... During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP ...
ATP
... After: (1) Kritsky MS; Lyudnikova TA; Mironov EA; Moskaleva IV. The UV radiation-driven reduction of pterins in aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 1997 39(1) 43-48 (2) Lyudnikova TA; Dashina OA; Telegina TA; Kritsky MS. Investigation of the photochemical properties of biopterin and its r ...
... After: (1) Kritsky MS; Lyudnikova TA; Mironov EA; Moskaleva IV. The UV radiation-driven reduction of pterins in aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 1997 39(1) 43-48 (2) Lyudnikova TA; Dashina OA; Telegina TA; Kritsky MS. Investigation of the photochemical properties of biopterin and its r ...
Krebs cycle - biology.org.uk
... The link reaction takes place inside the mitochondrial matrix (the liquid centre of the mitochondrion). The process which follows, Krebs cycle, also takes place here. Krebs cycle consists of a number of reactions which (in one turn of the cycle): produces two molecules of carbon dioxide produces ...
... The link reaction takes place inside the mitochondrial matrix (the liquid centre of the mitochondrion). The process which follows, Krebs cycle, also takes place here. Krebs cycle consists of a number of reactions which (in one turn of the cycle): produces two molecules of carbon dioxide produces ...
Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P
... One of best characterized pathways Characterized in the first half of 20th century Glucose --> 2 pyruvates + energy Strategy add phosphoryl groups to glucose convert phosphorylated intermediates into compounds with high phosphate group-transfer potentials couple the subsequent hydrolysis of reactive ...
... One of best characterized pathways Characterized in the first half of 20th century Glucose --> 2 pyruvates + energy Strategy add phosphoryl groups to glucose convert phosphorylated intermediates into compounds with high phosphate group-transfer potentials couple the subsequent hydrolysis of reactive ...
Multiple Choice Enzymes and Resp Answers
... 5. Since H+ can only return to the matrix by way of a transport channel and not through the membrane, an electrochemical gradient is created on either side of the inner membrane. 6. As the H+ flow back into the matrix though ATP synthase, the electrochemical energy is used to drive the formation of ...
... 5. Since H+ can only return to the matrix by way of a transport channel and not through the membrane, an electrochemical gradient is created on either side of the inner membrane. 6. As the H+ flow back into the matrix though ATP synthase, the electrochemical energy is used to drive the formation of ...
12-Glycolysis2016-11-15 13:225.6 MB
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
... Regulation by: allosteric effectors. When ATP and Citrate are abundant (more than enough) they inhibit the reaction N.B they are not involved in the chemical reaction they have allosteric effect ...
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
... Glycolysis (NADH only), and the Krebs Cycle. 27. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made? Electron Transport Chain 28. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme (aka catalyst) for one step of the process was missing or defective? Entire process would stop. 29. ...
... Glycolysis (NADH only), and the Krebs Cycle. 27. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made? Electron Transport Chain 28. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme (aka catalyst) for one step of the process was missing or defective? Entire process would stop. 29. ...
D. Transfer of activated acetaldehyde to
... B. Rotenone blocks passage of electrons through complex III C. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor D. Complexes I, III, and IV all pump protons as electrons pass through them. 4. With respect to the transport systems across the lipid bilayer, A. Antiports transfer molecules in opposite directio ...
... B. Rotenone blocks passage of electrons through complex III C. Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor D. Complexes I, III, and IV all pump protons as electrons pass through them. 4. With respect to the transport systems across the lipid bilayer, A. Antiports transfer molecules in opposite directio ...
Enzyme and metabolic pathway lecture 2
... down. The acetyl coA is going to go into the Krebs cycle. Each acetyl coA is broken down in one turn of the Krebs cycle, producing 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. Since we have 9 acetyl, this will result in 9 ATP, 27 NADH, and 9 FADH2. 66. Total ATP so far: Now let’s calculate how much ATP we have produ ...
... down. The acetyl coA is going to go into the Krebs cycle. Each acetyl coA is broken down in one turn of the Krebs cycle, producing 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. Since we have 9 acetyl, this will result in 9 ATP, 27 NADH, and 9 FADH2. 66. Total ATP so far: Now let’s calculate how much ATP we have produ ...
Name: Date: Per: ______ EXAM STUDY GUIDE
... 13. What happens in glycolysis? Why is this thought to be an ancient form of respiration? ...
... 13. What happens in glycolysis? Why is this thought to be an ancient form of respiration? ...
Cellular Energy - Seattle Central College
... Enzyme are not consumed, they are recycled 1. Available enzyme w/ active site 2. Substrate binds 3. Conversion to products 4. Products released ...
... Enzyme are not consumed, they are recycled 1. Available enzyme w/ active site 2. Substrate binds 3. Conversion to products 4. Products released ...
Exam 4
... have their active sites on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane. consist of more than one subunit. e. all of the above. ...
... have their active sites on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane. consist of more than one subunit. e. all of the above. ...
NEHRU ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE, TM PALAYALAM
... 6. Which steps in glycolysis require the input of energy? (A) the glucose priming steps (B) the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (C) All of the steps require the input of energy (D) glucose secondary steps 7. The hexose monophosphate shunt is: (A) Found mostly in the mitochondria of muscle ce ...
... 6. Which steps in glycolysis require the input of energy? (A) the glucose priming steps (B) the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate (C) All of the steps require the input of energy (D) glucose secondary steps 7. The hexose monophosphate shunt is: (A) Found mostly in the mitochondria of muscle ce ...
Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P
... One of best characterized pathways Characterized in the first half of 20th century Glucose --> 2 pyruvates + energy Strategy add phosphoryl groups to glucose convert phosphorylated intermediates into compounds with high phosphate group-transfer potentials couple the subsequent hydrolysis of reactive ...
... One of best characterized pathways Characterized in the first half of 20th century Glucose --> 2 pyruvates + energy Strategy add phosphoryl groups to glucose convert phosphorylated intermediates into compounds with high phosphate group-transfer potentials couple the subsequent hydrolysis of reactive ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.