III. Cellular Respiration
... I. Energy and Life 4. Most cells only have a small quantity of ATP (just a few seconds worth)! a. ATP is not efficient at storing energy for a long time. b. Cells rely on the ability to make more ATP from ADP by using energy from carbohydrates and lipids. ...
... I. Energy and Life 4. Most cells only have a small quantity of ATP (just a few seconds worth)! a. ATP is not efficient at storing energy for a long time. b. Cells rely on the ability to make more ATP from ADP by using energy from carbohydrates and lipids. ...
C483 Final Exam Study Guide The final will be held in Morrison 007
... Major topics include: ammonia fixing pathway, glutamine synthetase, transamination mechanism, essential/nonessential amino acids, carbon sources of nonessential amino acids, role of THF, compare/contrast purine-pyrimidine biosynthesis, role and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, ketogenic/gluco ...
... Major topics include: ammonia fixing pathway, glutamine synthetase, transamination mechanism, essential/nonessential amino acids, carbon sources of nonessential amino acids, role of THF, compare/contrast purine-pyrimidine biosynthesis, role and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, ketogenic/gluco ...
CHAPTER 7, CELLULAR RESPIRATION In Eukaryotic Cells, the
... 8. For a Molecule of Glucose to undergo Glycolysis, a Cell must First "SPEND" ATP to energize the Glucose Molecule. The ATP provides the Activation Energy needed to begin Glycolysis. 9. Although ATP (ENERGY) is used to begin Glycolysis, the reactions that make up the process eventually produce A NET ...
... 8. For a Molecule of Glucose to undergo Glycolysis, a Cell must First "SPEND" ATP to energize the Glucose Molecule. The ATP provides the Activation Energy needed to begin Glycolysis. 9. Although ATP (ENERGY) is used to begin Glycolysis, the reactions that make up the process eventually produce A NET ...
CHAPTER-VI PROTEIN METABOLISM
... (the attachment is to the epsilon-amino group of the Lysine). This forms an "aldimine". (2) As a new substrate substrate enters the active site, its amino group displaces the -NH2 of active site Lysine. Then a new Schiff-base link is formed to the alpha-amino group of the substrate, as the active si ...
... (the attachment is to the epsilon-amino group of the Lysine). This forms an "aldimine". (2) As a new substrate substrate enters the active site, its amino group displaces the -NH2 of active site Lysine. Then a new Schiff-base link is formed to the alpha-amino group of the substrate, as the active si ...
Freeman 1e: How we got there
... • Chemolithotrophs use inorganic compounds as electron donors, whereas phototrophs use light to form a proton motive force. The proton motive force is involved in all forms of respiration and photosynthesis (Figure 5.23). ...
... • Chemolithotrophs use inorganic compounds as electron donors, whereas phototrophs use light to form a proton motive force. The proton motive force is involved in all forms of respiration and photosynthesis (Figure 5.23). ...
Answers set 3
... of carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. Why does it act as a competitive inhibitor of ATCase at high substrate concentration, but stimulates activity at very low substrate concentration? Competitive inhibitors are typically molecules that are “look-alike” for the substrate, but don’t allow the intende ...
... of carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. Why does it act as a competitive inhibitor of ATCase at high substrate concentration, but stimulates activity at very low substrate concentration? Competitive inhibitors are typically molecules that are “look-alike” for the substrate, but don’t allow the intende ...
Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 2nd ed.
... The Molecular Structure of ATP – Three-part molecule • Nitrogen base (adenine) • 5-carbon sugar (ribose) • Chain of three phosphate groups ...
... The Molecular Structure of ATP – Three-part molecule • Nitrogen base (adenine) • 5-carbon sugar (ribose) • Chain of three phosphate groups ...
electron transport chain
... form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space This creates a proton gradient that will be later used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... form to the ubiquinol form, QH2. During this process, four protons are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the intermembrane space This creates a proton gradient that will be later used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Fuel Basics
... Can supply ATP to muscle for up to 1 -2 minutes Carbohydrate (glucose) is the only energy nutrient that can be used to make the ATP As ATP is produced, lactic acid accumulates & can impair muscle function, cause fatigue. When oxygen is available, lactic acid is burned as fuel. ...
... Can supply ATP to muscle for up to 1 -2 minutes Carbohydrate (glucose) is the only energy nutrient that can be used to make the ATP As ATP is produced, lactic acid accumulates & can impair muscle function, cause fatigue. When oxygen is available, lactic acid is burned as fuel. ...
electron transport chain.
... • The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion. • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes. • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons. • Electrons drop in free energy as ...
... • The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion. • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes. • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons. • Electrons drop in free energy as ...
Glycolysis - medscistudents
... c. Low affinity for glucose High affinity for substrates d. Not inhibited by Glucose 6–P Inhibited by glucose 6- P •Glucose 6-P: Impermeable to the cell membrane. •Central molecule with a variety of metabolic fates; glycolysis, glycogenesis, Steps of Glycolysisgluconeogenesis and HMP shunt. ...
... c. Low affinity for glucose High affinity for substrates d. Not inhibited by Glucose 6–P Inhibited by glucose 6- P •Glucose 6-P: Impermeable to the cell membrane. •Central molecule with a variety of metabolic fates; glycolysis, glycogenesis, Steps of Glycolysisgluconeogenesis and HMP shunt. ...
A. biotin
... increased mobilization of fatty acids from the adipose tissue. increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids. enhanced production of beta-hydroxy butyrate. increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue. ...
... increased mobilization of fatty acids from the adipose tissue. increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids. enhanced production of beta-hydroxy butyrate. increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue. ...
Chap 9 PowerPoint file (*)
... • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. • In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, not O2. ...
... • Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons to any electron acceptor, not just to oxygen. • In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules with NAD+ as the oxidizing agent, not O2. ...
Metabolism: Citric acid cycle
... larger than when glucose is converted to two lactate molecules. This has been exploited by metabolic evolution to also yield more ATP. Net ATP yield: NADH inside mitochondria: 2.5 ATP NADH in cytoplasm: 1.5 ATP FADH2: 1.5 ATP How many times large is the ATP yield when glucose is oxidized under aerob ...
... larger than when glucose is converted to two lactate molecules. This has been exploited by metabolic evolution to also yield more ATP. Net ATP yield: NADH inside mitochondria: 2.5 ATP NADH in cytoplasm: 1.5 ATP FADH2: 1.5 ATP How many times large is the ATP yield when glucose is oxidized under aerob ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
... – Muscle contraction – Cell division – Building up (synthesis) of proteins – Transmission of nerve impulses ...
... – Muscle contraction – Cell division – Building up (synthesis) of proteins – Transmission of nerve impulses ...
Reading GuideMetabolismchapter6
... pathways that we will talk about are catabolic pathways, meaning that the cell will generate ATP in the process of breaking bonds or oxidizing organic compounds. ATP can be made by bacterial cells in one of three ways, substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosophorylation, or photophosphorylat ...
... pathways that we will talk about are catabolic pathways, meaning that the cell will generate ATP in the process of breaking bonds or oxidizing organic compounds. ATP can be made by bacterial cells in one of three ways, substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosophorylation, or photophosphorylat ...
H 2 O 2
... The outer membrane is quite permeable for small molecules and ions – it contains many copies of mitochondrial porin (voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC). The inner membrane is intrinsically impermeable to nearly all ions and polar molecules, but there are many specific transporters which shuttles ...
... The outer membrane is quite permeable for small molecules and ions – it contains many copies of mitochondrial porin (voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC). The inner membrane is intrinsically impermeable to nearly all ions and polar molecules, but there are many specific transporters which shuttles ...
electron transport chain
... 2. Electrons produced from the split of NADH and FADH provide the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 3. One molecule of glycogen can generate up to 37-39 molecules of ATP ...
... 2. Electrons produced from the split of NADH and FADH provide the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP 3. One molecule of glycogen can generate up to 37-39 molecules of ATP ...
Nutrition, Metabolism and Thermoregulation
... Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar --You help me make ATPWhen my predators are chasing me. Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar, And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down. (My glycogen is almost ...
... Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar --You help me make ATPWhen my predators are chasing me. Ah, glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar, And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down. (My glycogen is almost ...
Respiration Webquest
... 7. Click on Concept 1 & 2. Where does glycolysis occur? What is the function of this stage of cellular respiration? ...
... 7. Click on Concept 1 & 2. Where does glycolysis occur? What is the function of this stage of cellular respiration? ...
Cellular Respiration Webquest (word)
... 7. Click on Concept 1 & 2. Where does glycolysis occur? What is the function of this stage of cellular respiration? ...
... 7. Click on Concept 1 & 2. Where does glycolysis occur? What is the function of this stage of cellular respiration? ...
Cellular Respiration (Text Book)
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle ...
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle ...
Chapter 8 THE ENERGY CONSUMING PROCESS OF RESPIRATION
... (1) [recall Ch.7] organisms can synthesize and stockpile energy-rich carbohydrates and other food molecules from inorganic raw materials. (2) _____________ is partially broken down by the glycolytic pathway; at the end of this process some of its stored energy remains in two (3) _____________ molecu ...
... (1) [recall Ch.7] organisms can synthesize and stockpile energy-rich carbohydrates and other food molecules from inorganic raw materials. (2) _____________ is partially broken down by the glycolytic pathway; at the end of this process some of its stored energy remains in two (3) _____________ molecu ...
BIO00004C Molecular biology and biochemistry (PDF , 72kb)
... introduction to lipid and carbohydrate structures, the role of the various macromolecules in the context of membrane flow, cell shape, etc. will be discussed. Energy and metabolism is introduced by discussing the important concept of free energy and relating this to the central role of ATP and coupl ...
... introduction to lipid and carbohydrate structures, the role of the various macromolecules in the context of membrane flow, cell shape, etc. will be discussed. Energy and metabolism is introduced by discussing the important concept of free energy and relating this to the central role of ATP and coupl ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.