Pathogenesis in tuberculosis: transcriptomic
... 2005) Long-chain fatty acid products of FAS-II are converted into mycolic acids and their derivatives by a series of enzymatic reactions (Fig. 1). Mycolic acids are key components of the mycobacterial cell wall and may also play a role as an effective barrier to penetration of some antibiotics (Bren ...
... 2005) Long-chain fatty acid products of FAS-II are converted into mycolic acids and their derivatives by a series of enzymatic reactions (Fig. 1). Mycolic acids are key components of the mycobacterial cell wall and may also play a role as an effective barrier to penetration of some antibiotics (Bren ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... the thyroglobulin and then released into the blood g. Daily rate of secretion; 93% is normally thyroxine and 7% triiodothyronine. However, about ½ of the thyroxine is slowly deiodinated to form the T3 so the tissues get mainly T3 ...
... the thyroglobulin and then released into the blood g. Daily rate of secretion; 93% is normally thyroxine and 7% triiodothyronine. However, about ½ of the thyroxine is slowly deiodinated to form the T3 so the tissues get mainly T3 ...
Minireview: Lipid Droplets in Lipogenesis and Lipolysis
... the notion that it forms a hormonally regulated barrier between cytosolic lipases and the neutral lipids within. Consistent with this model, heterologous expression of perilipin A in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to increased TAG storage by reducing the rate of TAG hydrolysis rather than by promoting T ...
... the notion that it forms a hormonally regulated barrier between cytosolic lipases and the neutral lipids within. Consistent with this model, heterologous expression of perilipin A in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes leads to increased TAG storage by reducing the rate of TAG hydrolysis rather than by promoting T ...
Characterization of the effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone
... osteoblasts. A proper equilibrium between both cell types metabolic activities is required to ensure an adequate skeletal tissue structure, and it involves resorption of old bone and formation of new bone tissue. It is reported that treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can elicit alterations in ...
... osteoblasts. A proper equilibrium between both cell types metabolic activities is required to ensure an adequate skeletal tissue structure, and it involves resorption of old bone and formation of new bone tissue. It is reported that treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can elicit alterations in ...
HIBERNATING BEARS, ANTIBIOTICS AND THE EVOLVING RIBOSOME
... or fibrillar forms, depending on the sequence of their amino acids, which is defined by the sequence of a gene that encoded in the genetic code. Proteins are constantly being degraded. Therefore simultaneous production of proteins is required. The translation of the genetic code into proteins is per ...
... or fibrillar forms, depending on the sequence of their amino acids, which is defined by the sequence of a gene that encoded in the genetic code. Proteins are constantly being degraded. Therefore simultaneous production of proteins is required. The translation of the genetic code into proteins is per ...
The Plant Cell - Department of Biology
... and catalyzes the movement of the motor protein along microtubules. The central stalk and tail domains are involved in motor dimerization and the transport of cargo, respectively. Recent completion of the genome sequences of several eukaryotes, ranging from a simple eukaryote to highly evolved multi ...
... and catalyzes the movement of the motor protein along microtubules. The central stalk and tail domains are involved in motor dimerization and the transport of cargo, respectively. Recent completion of the genome sequences of several eukaryotes, ranging from a simple eukaryote to highly evolved multi ...
Life in the slow lane: molecular mechanisms of estivation
... yet easily reversible to allow a quick return to normal metabolism during arousal. Indeed, estivators return to active life with great speed. Spadefoot toads are instantly alert even when they are dug out of earth-filled tubs as gently as possible and when estivating land snails, Otala lactea, are m ...
... yet easily reversible to allow a quick return to normal metabolism during arousal. Indeed, estivators return to active life with great speed. Spadefoot toads are instantly alert even when they are dug out of earth-filled tubs as gently as possible and when estivating land snails, Otala lactea, are m ...
Lactobacillus plantarum - UEF Electronic Publications
... environmental niches due to their large adaptation capacity. They are responsible for the fermentation of many fermented food and feed products because they can transform sugars into organic acids and decrease the pH of the medium. This acidification prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria, makin ...
... environmental niches due to their large adaptation capacity. They are responsible for the fermentation of many fermented food and feed products because they can transform sugars into organic acids and decrease the pH of the medium. This acidification prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria, makin ...
Study of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) as
... Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constitutively synthesized in skeletal muscle, and they are produced in large quantities during active inflammatory processes such as in sepsis. These molecules modulate skeletal muscle contractility in both normal and septic muscles. Modificat ...
... Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constitutively synthesized in skeletal muscle, and they are produced in large quantities during active inflammatory processes such as in sepsis. These molecules modulate skeletal muscle contractility in both normal and septic muscles. Modificat ...
Biological characterisation of the emerged highly pathogenic avian
... in the HA protein (H3 numbering) and 627K in the PB2 protein) that raise concerns regarding their pandemic potential. Amino acid substitutions associated with resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have been detected in both SF003 and SF006 viruses. Therefore, to update public health risk ass ...
... in the HA protein (H3 numbering) and 627K in the PB2 protein) that raise concerns regarding their pandemic potential. Amino acid substitutions associated with resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) have been detected in both SF003 and SF006 viruses. Therefore, to update public health risk ass ...
Integrated tRNA, transcript, and protein profiles in
... relied on organismal tRNA gene copy number as a proxy for tRNA abundance, and these results support this generalized relationship. We next asked whether tRNA levels are finely tuned toward codon usage, defined as the frequency in which a particular codon is used with respect to all codons. For most ...
... relied on organismal tRNA gene copy number as a proxy for tRNA abundance, and these results support this generalized relationship. We next asked whether tRNA levels are finely tuned toward codon usage, defined as the frequency in which a particular codon is used with respect to all codons. For most ...
Structure and function of the notochord: an essential
... The ultimate fate of the notochord also emphasises the relatedness of notochord and cartilage. During endochondral bone formation, the type II collagen-rich extracellular matrix of cartilage is deposited with type X collagen, which signals the eventual replacement of cartilage by bone (Linsenmayer e ...
... The ultimate fate of the notochord also emphasises the relatedness of notochord and cartilage. During endochondral bone formation, the type II collagen-rich extracellular matrix of cartilage is deposited with type X collagen, which signals the eventual replacement of cartilage by bone (Linsenmayer e ...
Biology, 7e (Campbell) Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting
... B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 th ...
... B) Electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O). C) The oxidation of organic compounds can be used to make ATP. D) The electrons have a higher potential energy when associated with water and CO2 th ...
New Functions of APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase in the Nervous System
... neurons and recruits APC/C-Cdh1 to its substrate. This is promoted by TGFβ, which induces the translocation of Smad2 to the nucleus, where it interacts with cdh1. Inhibition of TGFβ inactivates Smad2 signaling, which causes an increase in SnoN, and axonal growth is thereby stimulated [13,20]. Furthe ...
... neurons and recruits APC/C-Cdh1 to its substrate. This is promoted by TGFβ, which induces the translocation of Smad2 to the nucleus, where it interacts with cdh1. Inhibition of TGFβ inactivates Smad2 signaling, which causes an increase in SnoN, and axonal growth is thereby stimulated [13,20]. Furthe ...
Receptor Regulation of the Volume-Sensitive Efflux of Taurine and
... neural preparations can be enhanced after activation of cellsurface receptors. The latter include P2Y purinergic receptors in rat astrocytes (Mongin and Kimelberg, 2002, 2005), M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs), lysophosphatidic and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in human SHSY5Y neurob ...
... neural preparations can be enhanced after activation of cellsurface receptors. The latter include P2Y purinergic receptors in rat astrocytes (Mongin and Kimelberg, 2002, 2005), M3 muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs), lysophosphatidic and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in human SHSY5Y neurob ...
Ph.D. Thesis Azar Shahpiri
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
BIOACCUMULATION OF METAL CATIONS BY YEAST AND YEAST
... phosphate groups of phosphomannans were found to be efficient groups for the accumulation of copper, the less effective hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate polymers (glucans and mannans) had a similar overall capacity for copper accumulation owing to their predominance in the yeast cell wall. ...
... phosphate groups of phosphomannans were found to be efficient groups for the accumulation of copper, the less effective hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate polymers (glucans and mannans) had a similar overall capacity for copper accumulation owing to their predominance in the yeast cell wall. ...
PDF
... (Dheen et al., 1999; Martin and Kimelman, 2008), Ci-Bra and CiTbx2/3 are the only Tbx genes present in the Ciona notochord. This fact both simplified the analysis of the contribution of the T-box gene family to notochord development and provided an ideal system for studying the regulatory interactio ...
... (Dheen et al., 1999; Martin and Kimelman, 2008), Ci-Bra and CiTbx2/3 are the only Tbx genes present in the Ciona notochord. This fact both simplified the analysis of the contribution of the T-box gene family to notochord development and provided an ideal system for studying the regulatory interactio ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... only on the input activity and are independent of the postsynaptic membrane potential. However, the ionic channels linked to NMDA receptors are blocked with Mg*+ at the resting potential and become effective only upon membrane depolarization (Nowak et al., 1984; Mayer and Westbrook, 1987). Another d ...
... only on the input activity and are independent of the postsynaptic membrane potential. However, the ionic channels linked to NMDA receptors are blocked with Mg*+ at the resting potential and become effective only upon membrane depolarization (Nowak et al., 1984; Mayer and Westbrook, 1987). Another d ...
PDF + SI
... cells with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), which selectively cleaves the vesicle-associated SNARE proteins VAMP2 and VAMP3 (8, 9), or with concanamycin A, a compound that inhibits the vacuolar-type H⫹-ATPase (10), strongly reduced the release of D-serine. Finally, we demonstrate that a large part of D-se ...
... cells with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), which selectively cleaves the vesicle-associated SNARE proteins VAMP2 and VAMP3 (8, 9), or with concanamycin A, a compound that inhibits the vacuolar-type H⫹-ATPase (10), strongly reduced the release of D-serine. Finally, we demonstrate that a large part of D-se ...
NIH Public Access
... A molecule that treats multiple age-related diseases would have a major impact on global health and economics. The SIRT1 deacetylase has drawn attention in this regard as a target for drug design. Yet controversy exists around the mechanism of sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs). We found that spec ...
... A molecule that treats multiple age-related diseases would have a major impact on global health and economics. The SIRT1 deacetylase has drawn attention in this regard as a target for drug design. Yet controversy exists around the mechanism of sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs). We found that spec ...
brv12140 - Cambridge Repository
... Next to glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway) and the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was one of the first metabolic pathways to be discovered. Work on the PPP was stimulated by the famous Otto Warburg laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem. In the 1930s Warburg demo ...
... Next to glycolysis (Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway) and the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) was one of the first metabolic pathways to be discovered. Work on the PPP was stimulated by the famous Otto Warburg laboratory in Berlin-Dahlem. In the 1930s Warburg demo ...
Peptides that mimic Candida albicans–derived β
... and T a turn). Although interpretation of this observation is limited by the peptide length, it appears that the sequence of phage-peptides recognized by the mAb allowed a similar three-dimensional structure. Because the sequence FHENWPS was present in over 60% of the phages isolated with DJ2.8, thi ...
... and T a turn). Although interpretation of this observation is limited by the peptide length, it appears that the sequence of phage-peptides recognized by the mAb allowed a similar three-dimensional structure. Because the sequence FHENWPS was present in over 60% of the phages isolated with DJ2.8, thi ...
Formation of a highly peptide-receptive state of class II MHC.
... In this report we deduce the existence of two isomers of empty class II MHC that have very different peptide binding capacities. One isomer (active) binds peptide rapidly at endosomal pH (kon ≈ 105 M21 s21). The other isomer (inactive) does not itself bind peptide but can slowly (t1⁄2 ≈ 3 hr) isomer ...
... In this report we deduce the existence of two isomers of empty class II MHC that have very different peptide binding capacities. One isomer (active) binds peptide rapidly at endosomal pH (kon ≈ 105 M21 s21). The other isomer (inactive) does not itself bind peptide but can slowly (t1⁄2 ≈ 3 hr) isomer ...
Occlusive thrombi arise in mammals but not birds in
... Thrombocytes and lymphocytes express roughly equal amounts of p2ry12 and high cycle thresholds (30.3 and 28.0 for thrombocytes and lymphocytes, respectively) suggests a low-level of expression in both cell types. This result is consistent with previous studies indicating that avian thrombocytes neit ...
... Thrombocytes and lymphocytes express roughly equal amounts of p2ry12 and high cycle thresholds (30.3 and 28.0 for thrombocytes and lymphocytes, respectively) suggests a low-level of expression in both cell types. This result is consistent with previous studies indicating that avian thrombocytes neit ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.