Phosphorylation of Beclin 1 by DAP
... T119 is located within Beclin 1’s BH3 domain. We show that DAPk significantly reduces the amounts of Bcl-XL, which are immunoprecipitated by wild-type Beclin 1, leading to autophagy, whereas it fails to reduce Bcl-XL binding to the T119A phosphosilencing mutant. Conversely, the T119E phospho-mimicki ...
... T119 is located within Beclin 1’s BH3 domain. We show that DAPk significantly reduces the amounts of Bcl-XL, which are immunoprecipitated by wild-type Beclin 1, leading to autophagy, whereas it fails to reduce Bcl-XL binding to the T119A phosphosilencing mutant. Conversely, the T119E phospho-mimicki ...
Dynamics of PhiX174 protein E-mediated lysis of
... to penetrate the outer membrane and equipoise the periplasmic space. As sucrose cannot pass the inner membrane of E. coli, sucrose is often used to compensate the cytoplasmic tonicity (Osborn and Munson 1974). However, the concentrations of sucrose used for the determinations of the sucrose space we ...
... to penetrate the outer membrane and equipoise the periplasmic space. As sucrose cannot pass the inner membrane of E. coli, sucrose is often used to compensate the cytoplasmic tonicity (Osborn and Munson 1974). However, the concentrations of sucrose used for the determinations of the sucrose space we ...
AML1(7/7) embryos do not express certain hematopoiesis
... neither detected in the AGM nor in the liver of AML1 (7/7) embryos, but were detected in the yolk sac. The expression of c-Myb and the G-CSF receptor was undetectable in the liver of these embryos but was detectable in the AGM and yolk sac. The AML1 (7/7) embryos did not express ¯k-2/¯t-3 transcript ...
... neither detected in the AGM nor in the liver of AML1 (7/7) embryos, but were detected in the yolk sac. The expression of c-Myb and the G-CSF receptor was undetectable in the liver of these embryos but was detectable in the AGM and yolk sac. The AML1 (7/7) embryos did not express ¯k-2/¯t-3 transcript ...
Switching the Cell Cycle. Kip-Related Proteins in Plant Cell
... During the development of multicellular organisms, many different cell types are created. These display characteristic cell cycle programs that can radically change during the organism’s lifetime (Jakoby and Schnittger, 2004; Fig. 1). Usually, in younger and less differentiated tissues, a proliferat ...
... During the development of multicellular organisms, many different cell types are created. These display characteristic cell cycle programs that can radically change during the organism’s lifetime (Jakoby and Schnittger, 2004; Fig. 1). Usually, in younger and less differentiated tissues, a proliferat ...
Name Nervous System Questions 1. When a neuron is at its resting
... E. there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside. 2. Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential? A. Sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron positively charged relative to the outside. B. Sodium channels close. C. Potassium ...
... E. there are more potassium ions inside the neuron than outside. 2. Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential? A. Sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron positively charged relative to the outside. B. Sodium channels close. C. Potassium ...
Imaging alterations of cardiomyocyte cAMP microdomains in disease
... receptors, in particular β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) which are central to the well-established physiological fight-or-flight response, leads to generation of cAMP that acts in distinct subcellular microdomains (Fischmeister et al., 2006; Zaccolo, 2009; Perera and Nikolaev, 2013). Such microdomains are f ...
... receptors, in particular β-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) which are central to the well-established physiological fight-or-flight response, leads to generation of cAMP that acts in distinct subcellular microdomains (Fischmeister et al., 2006; Zaccolo, 2009; Perera and Nikolaev, 2013). Such microdomains are f ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... stimulatory effects on protein kinase A Hormones that bind to stimulatory receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, raising cAMP levels Hormones that bind to inhibitory receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity via receptor interaction with the transducer Gi. ...
... stimulatory effects on protein kinase A Hormones that bind to stimulatory receptors activate adenylyl cyclase, raising cAMP levels Hormones that bind to inhibitory receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity via receptor interaction with the transducer Gi. ...
A Chemical Approach To Illustrate the Principal of Signal
... In nature, cellular functions are propagated by cascades of molecules, which interact with one another for signal transduction. Generally, the sequential process is initiated by the binding of an extracellular signal to a receptor culminating in one or more specific cellular responses In this way, a ...
... In nature, cellular functions are propagated by cascades of molecules, which interact with one another for signal transduction. Generally, the sequential process is initiated by the binding of an extracellular signal to a receptor culminating in one or more specific cellular responses In this way, a ...
The tetrapartite synapse_ Extracellular matrix remodeling
... Twenty-three distinct MMPs have been identified in the human genome, 16 of which are soluble proteins, and 7 transmembrane or GPI-anchored proteins (Huntley, 2012), and these multidomain proteins can be further divided into subgroups based on shared domains, inserts, and substrate recognition motifs. ...
... Twenty-three distinct MMPs have been identified in the human genome, 16 of which are soluble proteins, and 7 transmembrane or GPI-anchored proteins (Huntley, 2012), and these multidomain proteins can be further divided into subgroups based on shared domains, inserts, and substrate recognition motifs. ...
Sulfur Metabolism and Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids
... Cys are both protein AAs implies that their tissue pool is alimented not only by diet but also by hormone-regulated protein turn-over and degradation, as for all other protein AAs. As components of proteins, both Met and Cys are primary intermediates for spatial conformation, assembly and structure ...
... Cys are both protein AAs implies that their tissue pool is alimented not only by diet but also by hormone-regulated protein turn-over and degradation, as for all other protein AAs. As components of proteins, both Met and Cys are primary intermediates for spatial conformation, assembly and structure ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in
... exocyst was also revealed to be crucial for seed coat development (Kulich et al., 2010) and pollen–pistil interaction (Samuel et al., 2009). The study of plant exocyst regulators is only beginning; however, Lavy et al. (2007) demonstrated that the SEC3 subunit interacts with plant-specific Rho GTPas ...
... exocyst was also revealed to be crucial for seed coat development (Kulich et al., 2010) and pollen–pistil interaction (Samuel et al., 2009). The study of plant exocyst regulators is only beginning; however, Lavy et al. (2007) demonstrated that the SEC3 subunit interacts with plant-specific Rho GTPas ...
Identification and Developmental Expression of a Novel Low
... is detectable within the cement gland, within many neuronal cell bodies and axon tracts within the developing nervous system, and within all cellular layers of the developing retina. The availability of these two distinct neuron-specific intermediate filament proteins, with different temporal and sp ...
... is detectable within the cement gland, within many neuronal cell bodies and axon tracts within the developing nervous system, and within all cellular layers of the developing retina. The availability of these two distinct neuron-specific intermediate filament proteins, with different temporal and sp ...
The Escherichia coli mar Locus— Antibiotic Resistance and More
... The three-dimensional structures for both the E. coli MarA and Rob proteins in complex with their DNA substrates are now known (Fig. 4). These structural data directly support a wealth of genetic and biochemical evidence that first suggested the presence of the unique dual helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA ...
... The three-dimensional structures for both the E. coli MarA and Rob proteins in complex with their DNA substrates are now known (Fig. 4). These structural data directly support a wealth of genetic and biochemical evidence that first suggested the presence of the unique dual helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA ...
Structural aspects of bulge formation during root hair initiation
... require further studies. These unusual structures, which were associated with the outer cell wall, contained material similar to that of the cell wall. Similar cell wall-like bodies were observed also in the cytoplasm and sometimes within vacuoles. The possible role of these novel organelles of plan ...
... require further studies. These unusual structures, which were associated with the outer cell wall, contained material similar to that of the cell wall. Similar cell wall-like bodies were observed also in the cytoplasm and sometimes within vacuoles. The possible role of these novel organelles of plan ...
Brennan - Journal of Experimental Biology
... and Schroeder, 1928). A genetic discontinuity exists between geographically proximate populations along parallel salinity clines that transition between brackish and fresh waters of the eastern US despite no apparent barriers to gene flow. Freshwater populations show an increased capacity to acclima ...
... and Schroeder, 1928). A genetic discontinuity exists between geographically proximate populations along parallel salinity clines that transition between brackish and fresh waters of the eastern US despite no apparent barriers to gene flow. Freshwater populations show an increased capacity to acclima ...
Developing a `thick skin`: a paradoxical role for
... epithelia, this adhesion is mainly achieved through physical contacts between proteins of neighbouring cells (Kawauchi, 2012). By contrast, plant epidermal cells, like all plant cells, adhere via their cell wall. In both cases, the regulated maintenance of cell-cell contacts facilitates communicatio ...
... epithelia, this adhesion is mainly achieved through physical contacts between proteins of neighbouring cells (Kawauchi, 2012). By contrast, plant epidermal cells, like all plant cells, adhere via their cell wall. In both cases, the regulated maintenance of cell-cell contacts facilitates communicatio ...
Zhang YA, Okada A, Lew CH, McConnell SK
... visual cortex fail to prune their normally transient axon collaterals in the inferior colliculus and spinal cord. Otx1 is known to bind DNA and regulate gene transcription (Furukawa et al., 1997), suggesting that the requirement for Otx1 in axon refinement is mediated by the transcriptional control ...
... visual cortex fail to prune their normally transient axon collaterals in the inferior colliculus and spinal cord. Otx1 is known to bind DNA and regulate gene transcription (Furukawa et al., 1997), suggesting that the requirement for Otx1 in axon refinement is mediated by the transcriptional control ...
Separate Domains of the Insulin Receptor Contain
... 95 to 85 kDa, and then to 70 kDa. The 85-kDa fragment was not immunoprecipitated by an antibody directed against the C-terminal domain of the @-subunit (aPep-1), indicating that this region of the receptor was lost. The 85-kDa fragment contained about half of the [32P]phosphateoriginally found in th ...
... 95 to 85 kDa, and then to 70 kDa. The 85-kDa fragment was not immunoprecipitated by an antibody directed against the C-terminal domain of the @-subunit (aPep-1), indicating that this region of the receptor was lost. The 85-kDa fragment contained about half of the [32P]phosphateoriginally found in th ...
Enzymes - OpenStax CNX
... optimal conformation and function for their respective enzymes. Cofactors are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe++) and magnesium (Mg++). One example of an enzyme that requires a metal ion as a cofactor is the enzyme that builds DNA molecules, DNA polymerase, which requires bound zinc ion (Zn++) to fun ...
... optimal conformation and function for their respective enzymes. Cofactors are inorganic ions such as iron (Fe++) and magnesium (Mg++). One example of an enzyme that requires a metal ion as a cofactor is the enzyme that builds DNA molecules, DNA polymerase, which requires bound zinc ion (Zn++) to fun ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... Extracellular recordings of single units were obtained with tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (Merrill and Ainsworth 1972) with 15to 25- m exposed tips and plated with platinum black (impedance less than 0.5 MW at 1000 Hz). The Neurolog recording system was used for amplification and filtering. Filt ...
... Extracellular recordings of single units were obtained with tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (Merrill and Ainsworth 1972) with 15to 25- m exposed tips and plated with platinum black (impedance less than 0.5 MW at 1000 Hz). The Neurolog recording system was used for amplification and filtering. Filt ...
SEDS proteins are a widespread family of bacterial
... that SEDS and bPBPs are known to interact, these factors probably function together within their designated complexes as cognate enzyme pairs that polymerize and crosslink nascent peptidoglycan into the existing meshwork. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that SEDS family members and bPBPs are more ...
... that SEDS and bPBPs are known to interact, these factors probably function together within their designated complexes as cognate enzyme pairs that polymerize and crosslink nascent peptidoglycan into the existing meshwork. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that SEDS family members and bPBPs are more ...
Cell body, axon, dendrite, synapse
... Each neuron can receive chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters from a large number of other neurons. These neurotransmitters may either stimulate or depress the activity of the post synaptic neuron. For example when dopamine acts on its receptor it stimulates the generation of an electric ...
... Each neuron can receive chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters from a large number of other neurons. These neurotransmitters may either stimulate or depress the activity of the post synaptic neuron. For example when dopamine acts on its receptor it stimulates the generation of an electric ...
PINOCYTOSIS IN FIBROBLASTS Quantitative Studies In Vitro
... Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a marker to determine the rate of ongoing pinocytosis in several fibroblast cell lines. The enzyme was interiorized in the fluid phase without evidence of adsorption to the cell surface. Cytochemical reaction product was not found on the cell surface and was ...
... Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a marker to determine the rate of ongoing pinocytosis in several fibroblast cell lines. The enzyme was interiorized in the fluid phase without evidence of adsorption to the cell surface. Cytochemical reaction product was not found on the cell surface and was ...
The FHY3 and FAR1 genes encode transposase
... number of other uncharacterized sequences in Arabidopsis, all of which share homology to the MULE family of transposons (Lisch et al., 2001). We have noted that a more recently characterized transposon of maize, Jittery (GenBank Acc. # AF247646), contains an open reading frame showing yet more subst ...
... number of other uncharacterized sequences in Arabidopsis, all of which share homology to the MULE family of transposons (Lisch et al., 2001). We have noted that a more recently characterized transposon of maize, Jittery (GenBank Acc. # AF247646), contains an open reading frame showing yet more subst ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.