2. introduction
... also occurs primarily via gap junctions (28). Mechanical induction of Ca2+ waves caused slow conduction of Ca2+ waves (14/sec) across 80% of myocytes across the entire WT culture, with a loss of 87% of transmitted Ca2+ waves between cultured neonatal KO myocytes. Fewer myocytes showed Ca2+ waves in ...
... also occurs primarily via gap junctions (28). Mechanical induction of Ca2+ waves caused slow conduction of Ca2+ waves (14/sec) across 80% of myocytes across the entire WT culture, with a loss of 87% of transmitted Ca2+ waves between cultured neonatal KO myocytes. Fewer myocytes showed Ca2+ waves in ...
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... [44-53]. Measurement of the specific Na+,K+-ATPase activity (nanomol of inorganic phosphate, Pi, liberated per min per milligram of protein as well as protein content) is required to evaluate the purity or to determine the actual specific enzyme activity [56-58]. Enzymatic ATP hydrolysis has been me ...
... [44-53]. Measurement of the specific Na+,K+-ATPase activity (nanomol of inorganic phosphate, Pi, liberated per min per milligram of protein as well as protein content) is required to evaluate the purity or to determine the actual specific enzyme activity [56-58]. Enzymatic ATP hydrolysis has been me ...
Structural and Functional Studies on Proteinaceous Metallocarboxypeptidase Inhibitors Joan López Arolas
... Peptidase inhibitors Peptidase inhibitors are important tools of nature for regulating the proteolytic activity of their target proteases, and for blocking them in emergency cases (Bode & Huber, 1992). All naturally occurring inhibitors directed toward endogenous peptidases, i.e. against proteolytic ...
... Peptidase inhibitors Peptidase inhibitors are important tools of nature for regulating the proteolytic activity of their target proteases, and for blocking them in emergency cases (Bode & Huber, 1992). All naturally occurring inhibitors directed toward endogenous peptidases, i.e. against proteolytic ...
GLUCOCORTICOIDS INCREASE CNS INFLAMMATION
... other components of the transcriptional machinery. Unlike MR, GR directly interferes with the transcriptional activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and activating protein 1 (AP-1), thus decreasing expression of the inflammatory genes they would normally ...
... other components of the transcriptional machinery. Unlike MR, GR directly interferes with the transcriptional activity of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and activating protein 1 (AP-1), thus decreasing expression of the inflammatory genes they would normally ...
Disruption of somitogenesis by a novel dominant allele of Lfng
... replacing exon 1 of the endogenous Lfng locus with a new exon containing sequences encoding the N-terminus and type II transmembrane domain of RFNG fused to LFNG at the first conserved amino acid of the proteins (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1). Based on our results in tissue culture, we predict that the resultin ...
... replacing exon 1 of the endogenous Lfng locus with a new exon containing sequences encoding the N-terminus and type II transmembrane domain of RFNG fused to LFNG at the first conserved amino acid of the proteins (Fig. 1A, Fig. S1). Based on our results in tissue culture, we predict that the resultin ...
Neural induction requires continued suppression of
... of BMP signaling by Ski, but not by VP16-Msx1, was sufficient to convert prospective epidermis into neural tissue in vivo. One explanation for our observation is that Ski may inhibit BMP signaling more effectively than VP16-Msx1. However, in the above experiments, we detected similar or more efficie ...
... of BMP signaling by Ski, but not by VP16-Msx1, was sufficient to convert prospective epidermis into neural tissue in vivo. One explanation for our observation is that Ski may inhibit BMP signaling more effectively than VP16-Msx1. However, in the above experiments, we detected similar or more efficie ...
Exosomes: Implications in HIV-1 Pathogenesis
... exosomes by anchoring to exosome lipid raft micro-domains. This process involves Nef’s N-terminal myristoylation and amino acids within the alpha helix 1. Other viral proteins have also been shown to be targeted to exosomes. HIV-1 Gag is targeted to exosomes via Gag higher order oligomerization [64] ...
... exosomes by anchoring to exosome lipid raft micro-domains. This process involves Nef’s N-terminal myristoylation and amino acids within the alpha helix 1. Other viral proteins have also been shown to be targeted to exosomes. HIV-1 Gag is targeted to exosomes via Gag higher order oligomerization [64] ...
Alternative splicing of human cyclin E - Journal of Cell Science
... that was slightly smaller than the major RNA representing the previously described cyclin E (Koff et al., 1991). This shorter cyclin E RNA, termed cyclin Es, was detected by PCR analysis of cDNA from 6 different cell lines, i.e. the small cell lung carcinoma cell line NCI-H69, HepG2 hepatoma cells, ...
... that was slightly smaller than the major RNA representing the previously described cyclin E (Koff et al., 1991). This shorter cyclin E RNA, termed cyclin Es, was detected by PCR analysis of cDNA from 6 different cell lines, i.e. the small cell lung carcinoma cell line NCI-H69, HepG2 hepatoma cells, ...
Spectroscopic Comparisons of the pH Dependencies of Fe
... Fe- and Mn-SODs are dimers or tetramers of identical monomers, which each have one active site containing a single Fe or Mn ion. The overall folds are the same, and in both cases the metal ion is coordinated in a trigonal bipyramid by two His and an Asp- in the equatorial plane and a His and a solve ...
... Fe- and Mn-SODs are dimers or tetramers of identical monomers, which each have one active site containing a single Fe or Mn ion. The overall folds are the same, and in both cases the metal ion is coordinated in a trigonal bipyramid by two His and an Asp- in the equatorial plane and a His and a solve ...
Case Study: BPTI
... • Type “all” in the selection box. There are a few dots outside the blue and green regions. Find out what residues they correspond to by clicking on them and explain your findings! In addition to a Ramachandran plot, a so called contact map consisting of a two dimensional plot of distances between ...
... • Type “all” in the selection box. There are a few dots outside the blue and green regions. Find out what residues they correspond to by clicking on them and explain your findings! In addition to a Ramachandran plot, a so called contact map consisting of a two dimensional plot of distances between ...
The SOX9 upstream region prone to chromosomal aberrations
... existing in strategies available to prevent and treat these diseases. Post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms undoubtedly participate in modulating SOX9 protein level and activity, but above that, it is clear that transcription is a first and critical level of regulation of SOX9 (6). ...
... existing in strategies available to prevent and treat these diseases. Post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms undoubtedly participate in modulating SOX9 protein level and activity, but above that, it is clear that transcription is a first and critical level of regulation of SOX9 (6). ...
Kelly E. Evans and Gerhard Meissner Naohiro Yamaguchi, Le Xu
... by direct binding (5). CaM modulates the RyRs by direct binding since CaM affects channel function in the absence of ATP (6, 7). CaM inhibits all three RyRs at Ca2⫹ concentrations above 1 M; however, differences in the regulation of the RyRs at submicromolar Ca2⫹ concentrations have been described. ...
... by direct binding (5). CaM modulates the RyRs by direct binding since CaM affects channel function in the absence of ATP (6, 7). CaM inhibits all three RyRs at Ca2⫹ concentrations above 1 M; however, differences in the regulation of the RyRs at submicromolar Ca2⫹ concentrations have been described. ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Nicotine can stimulate the firing rate of VTA neurons (Grenhoff et al., 1986; Picciotto et al., 1998), induces DA release from isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) (Grady et al., 1992) and increases the ...
... originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Nicotine can stimulate the firing rate of VTA neurons (Grenhoff et al., 1986; Picciotto et al., 1998), induces DA release from isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes) (Grady et al., 1992) and increases the ...
Control of Pre-mRNA Splicing by the General Splicing Factors
... elements, which are recognized by distinct classes of RNA-binding proteins [14]. Based on biochemical purification of the spliceosome, nearly 200 proteins are estimated to be involved in splicing (for review, see [15]). However, only a fraction of these proteins currently have established roles in s ...
... elements, which are recognized by distinct classes of RNA-binding proteins [14]. Based on biochemical purification of the spliceosome, nearly 200 proteins are estimated to be involved in splicing (for review, see [15]). However, only a fraction of these proteins currently have established roles in s ...
and Rhizobiales-Like PPP-Family Protein Phosphatases from
... okadaic acid and microcystin-LR, as well as diversity in their phosphorylated substrate specificities. Bioinformatics complemented cell biology also uncovered unique subcellular localizations for each enzyme, with AtSLP1, 2 and AtRLPH2 being chloroplastic, mitochondrial and nuclear / cytosolic, resp ...
... okadaic acid and microcystin-LR, as well as diversity in their phosphorylated substrate specificities. Bioinformatics complemented cell biology also uncovered unique subcellular localizations for each enzyme, with AtSLP1, 2 and AtRLPH2 being chloroplastic, mitochondrial and nuclear / cytosolic, resp ...
Damage response of XRCC1 at sites of DNA single strand breaks is
... XRCC1 dissociation kinetics in live cells How these functional domains and modifications of XRCC1 affect the repair of SSBs has been investigated in cells. The BRCT I domain of XRCC1 is required for efficient SSBR both in G1 and S-G2 phases and for cell survival following treatment with methyl-metha ...
... XRCC1 dissociation kinetics in live cells How these functional domains and modifications of XRCC1 affect the repair of SSBs has been investigated in cells. The BRCT I domain of XRCC1 is required for efficient SSBR both in G1 and S-G2 phases and for cell survival following treatment with methyl-metha ...
–plasma-membrane junctions by Kv2.1 Induction of stable ER potassium channels
... an ER Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), with a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, ORAI1, at ER–plasma-membrane junctions was found to be crucial for Ca2+-dependent lymphocyte activation (Hogan et al., 2010). Despite the observation of neuronal ER–plasma-membrane junctions, or sub-surfa ...
... an ER Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), with a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, ORAI1, at ER–plasma-membrane junctions was found to be crucial for Ca2+-dependent lymphocyte activation (Hogan et al., 2010). Despite the observation of neuronal ER–plasma-membrane junctions, or sub-surfa ...
Sodium-Coupled Neurotransmitter Transporters Baruch I. Kanner* and Elia Zomot
... conformational change of the transporters following sodium binding.8,29–31 When the membrane voltage is jumped back to the original holding potential, sodium is “pushed-off” the transporter back into the extracellular medium and a transient current in the opposite direction is observed. Although alt ...
... conformational change of the transporters following sodium binding.8,29–31 When the membrane voltage is jumped back to the original holding potential, sodium is “pushed-off” the transporter back into the extracellular medium and a transient current in the opposite direction is observed. Although alt ...
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... The serine protease thrombin exerts its physiological function through soluble target proteins and G-protein-coupled receptors. These protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a family of seven transmembrane domain receptors, activated through a di-phasic cleavage process of the extracellular N- ...
... The serine protease thrombin exerts its physiological function through soluble target proteins and G-protein-coupled receptors. These protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a family of seven transmembrane domain receptors, activated through a di-phasic cleavage process of the extracellular N- ...
Calcium Oscillations and its Functional Significance in
... damaging effects of Ca2+-dependent enzymes. McCormack et a1.82 have shown that induction of thymocytes apoptosis by glucocorticoid hormones are dependent on an early, receptor-mediated, sustained increase in [Ca2+]i concentrations. In hepatoma 1c1c7 cells low ATP concentrations (1-10 µM) stimulate a ...
... damaging effects of Ca2+-dependent enzymes. McCormack et a1.82 have shown that induction of thymocytes apoptosis by glucocorticoid hormones are dependent on an early, receptor-mediated, sustained increase in [Ca2+]i concentrations. In hepatoma 1c1c7 cells low ATP concentrations (1-10 µM) stimulate a ...
Differential assembly of polypeptides of the light
... both LH complexes consist of heterodimers of a- and bpolypeptides containing 50–60 amino acid residues (Theiler et al. 1984, 1985), which in LH1, bind two molecules of BChl (B875 BChl with Qy absorption band at 876 nm and two carotenoids (Broglie et al. 1980), and in LH2, two B850 BChls, one B800 BC ...
... both LH complexes consist of heterodimers of a- and bpolypeptides containing 50–60 amino acid residues (Theiler et al. 1984, 1985), which in LH1, bind two molecules of BChl (B875 BChl with Qy absorption band at 876 nm and two carotenoids (Broglie et al. 1980), and in LH2, two B850 BChls, one B800 BC ...
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea
... on Mars and surviving trapped in salt crystals, where it is known that they may persist, essentially indefinitely, on Earth (McGenity et al., 2000). Unique structural features of archaea Cell envelopes ...
... on Mars and surviving trapped in salt crystals, where it is known that they may persist, essentially indefinitely, on Earth (McGenity et al., 2000). Unique structural features of archaea Cell envelopes ...
The Small RNA Chaperone Hfq and Multiple Small RNAs Control
... Figure 2. (D) V. cholerae strains analyzed for TcpA production by Western blot are: C6706str2 (WT), MM307 (luxO), BH38 (luxO D47E), MM194 (hapR), DL2066(hfq), DL2146 (luxO D47E, hfq), and DL2607 (hapR, hfq) ...
... Figure 2. (D) V. cholerae strains analyzed for TcpA production by Western blot are: C6706str2 (WT), MM307 (luxO), BH38 (luxO D47E), MM194 (hapR), DL2066(hfq), DL2146 (luxO D47E, hfq), and DL2607 (hapR, hfq) ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... mechanism(s) and site(s) of secretion are of primary importance. It has been demonstrated that NGF is secreted from both hippocampal slices and NGFtransfected hippocampal cultures along the constitutive and activity-dependent pathway (Blöchl and Thoenen, 1995, 1996). The activity-dependent NGF secr ...
... mechanism(s) and site(s) of secretion are of primary importance. It has been demonstrated that NGF is secreted from both hippocampal slices and NGFtransfected hippocampal cultures along the constitutive and activity-dependent pathway (Blöchl and Thoenen, 1995, 1996). The activity-dependent NGF secr ...
Functional redundancy of mammalian Polycomb genes
... Fig. 1. Gene dose-dependent alterations of the axial and appendicular skeletons and Hoxb3 gene expression in 9.5 dpc embryos. (A) Lateral views of occipitocervical region of the axial skeleton, overviews of individual C1, C2, C5, C6 and C7 vertebrae, ventral views of rib cages and overviews of scapu ...
... Fig. 1. Gene dose-dependent alterations of the axial and appendicular skeletons and Hoxb3 gene expression in 9.5 dpc embryos. (A) Lateral views of occipitocervical region of the axial skeleton, overviews of individual C1, C2, C5, C6 and C7 vertebrae, ventral views of rib cages and overviews of scapu ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.