Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous
... responsible for removing the majority of the myelin debris.29,30,35 The debris includes myelin associated proteins such as myelinassociated glycoprotein (MAG)36 which have been demonstrated to have strong inhibitory effects on axonal growth37-39 (Section Oligodendrocyte derived myelin-associated inh ...
... responsible for removing the majority of the myelin debris.29,30,35 The debris includes myelin associated proteins such as myelinassociated glycoprotein (MAG)36 which have been demonstrated to have strong inhibitory effects on axonal growth37-39 (Section Oligodendrocyte derived myelin-associated inh ...
Gene expression profiling of mice with genetically modified muscle
... different GLUTs (glucose transporters) to mediate glucose entry into the cell, as well as different forms of hexokinase/glucokinase for the phosphorylation of glucose. There are two genes, GYS1 and GYS2, encoding glycogen synthase in both mouse and human genomes. To date, GYS2 is only known to be ex ...
... different GLUTs (glucose transporters) to mediate glucose entry into the cell, as well as different forms of hexokinase/glucokinase for the phosphorylation of glucose. There are two genes, GYS1 and GYS2, encoding glycogen synthase in both mouse and human genomes. To date, GYS2 is only known to be ex ...
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... dorsal neural tube as the potential kidney-inductive tissue and showed that activin, a secreted morphogen, is necessary but insufficient for Lim1 induction and establishment of the kidney field. Activin or activin-like and BMP signaling cascades are activated along the entire axis, including in ante ...
... dorsal neural tube as the potential kidney-inductive tissue and showed that activin, a secreted morphogen, is necessary but insufficient for Lim1 induction and establishment of the kidney field. Activin or activin-like and BMP signaling cascades are activated along the entire axis, including in ante ...
phospholipids
... • COX-2 levels increase in inflammatory disease states such as arthritis and cancer • Up-regulation of COX-2 is responsible for the increased formation of prostaglandins associated with ...
... • COX-2 levels increase in inflammatory disease states such as arthritis and cancer • Up-regulation of COX-2 is responsible for the increased formation of prostaglandins associated with ...
Transition metal transporters in plants
... non-redox-active but has a key structural and/or catalytic role in many proteins and enzymes. Other transition metals such as Ni and Mo are also essential micronutrients for plant function. When any of these metals are present in short supply, a range of de®ciency symptoms can appear and growth is r ...
... non-redox-active but has a key structural and/or catalytic role in many proteins and enzymes. Other transition metals such as Ni and Mo are also essential micronutrients for plant function. When any of these metals are present in short supply, a range of de®ciency symptoms can appear and growth is r ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... which extract water from cells, but not by infusions of solutes that readily equilibrate across the cell membrane (such as urea). Verney coined the term osmoreceptor to designate the specialized sensory elements. He further showed that these were present in the brain50,53 and postulated that they mi ...
... which extract water from cells, but not by infusions of solutes that readily equilibrate across the cell membrane (such as urea). Verney coined the term osmoreceptor to designate the specialized sensory elements. He further showed that these were present in the brain50,53 and postulated that they mi ...
Chronic Opioid Therapy and Opioid Tolerance: A New Hypothesis
... �bers of the posterior columns has effectively controlled pain in patients suffering from pelvic pain secondary to malignancy [28]. It is not known whether this ascending nociceptive tract is regulated by opioids. (3) When Compared to Other G-Protein Ligands, a Unique form of Tolerance Develops aer O ...
... �bers of the posterior columns has effectively controlled pain in patients suffering from pelvic pain secondary to malignancy [28]. It is not known whether this ascending nociceptive tract is regulated by opioids. (3) When Compared to Other G-Protein Ligands, a Unique form of Tolerance Develops aer O ...
Transcription Factor Positive Regulatory Domain 4 (PRDM4) recruits Protein Arginine
... include post-translational modifications of histones associated with regulatory elements of genes as well as DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides, which together affect the accessibility of chromatin to the genera l transcriptional machinery. The details of the epigenetic regulation of NSC different ...
... include post-translational modifications of histones associated with regulatory elements of genes as well as DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides, which together affect the accessibility of chromatin to the genera l transcriptional machinery. The details of the epigenetic regulation of NSC different ...
A New Subfamily of Major Intrinsic Proteins in
... Phylogenetic Analysis and ESTs Blast searches in the Arabidopsis genomic sequence (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000) reveal three novel MIP-like genes, T6K12.29, MRG7.25, and F24I3.30, all very different from any of the previously described plant MIP genes belonging to the PIP, TIP, and NIP subfam ...
... Phylogenetic Analysis and ESTs Blast searches in the Arabidopsis genomic sequence (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000) reveal three novel MIP-like genes, T6K12.29, MRG7.25, and F24I3.30, all very different from any of the previously described plant MIP genes belonging to the PIP, TIP, and NIP subfam ...
A STUDY OF PRO- AND ANTI-NOCICEPTIVE FACTORS IN A MODEL... ASSOCIATED VISCERAL PAIN by Jessica Rose Benson
... bowel diseases (IBD). A balance of pro- and anti-nociceptive factors regulating colonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which synapse onto second order dorsal horn neurons, are known to regulate chronic pain but the mechanisms are poorly understood. This thesis examined whether neuroanatomical r ...
... bowel diseases (IBD). A balance of pro- and anti-nociceptive factors regulating colonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, which synapse onto second order dorsal horn neurons, are known to regulate chronic pain but the mechanisms are poorly understood. This thesis examined whether neuroanatomical r ...
Identification of A Novel, N-ethylmaleimide
... Glick and Rothman, 1987; Block et al., 1988; Nicchitta and Blobel, 1989; Newmeyer and Forbes, 1990). When "S-labeled semi-intact cells and wild-type Golgi membranes were pretreated with 0.2 mM NEM on ice, the transport of man6P receptors from endosomes to the TGN was significantly inhibited (Fig. 1, ...
... Glick and Rothman, 1987; Block et al., 1988; Nicchitta and Blobel, 1989; Newmeyer and Forbes, 1990). When "S-labeled semi-intact cells and wild-type Golgi membranes were pretreated with 0.2 mM NEM on ice, the transport of man6P receptors from endosomes to the TGN was significantly inhibited (Fig. 1, ...
IJMS 45(10) 1234-1244
... identified as a prominent defense system in the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) by Bang45. When Gram-negative bacteria invade the hemolymph, hemocytes detect LPS molecules on their surfaces46, and then release, via rapid exocytosis, the contents of L- and S-granules47. These released granular co ...
... identified as a prominent defense system in the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) by Bang45. When Gram-negative bacteria invade the hemolymph, hemocytes detect LPS molecules on their surfaces46, and then release, via rapid exocytosis, the contents of L- and S-granules47. These released granular co ...
Hsp70 and Hsp90 of E. coli Directly Interact for Collaboration in
... [21], lose adaptive immunity conferred by the CRISPR system [22] and show a subtle defect in motility [23]. Additionally, when Hsp90Ec is overexpressed in E. coli, cells filament and become sensitive to SDS [5]. Both eukaryotic Hsp90 and Hsp90Ec have been shown to remodel proteins in vitro. For exam ...
... [21], lose adaptive immunity conferred by the CRISPR system [22] and show a subtle defect in motility [23]. Additionally, when Hsp90Ec is overexpressed in E. coli, cells filament and become sensitive to SDS [5]. Both eukaryotic Hsp90 and Hsp90Ec have been shown to remodel proteins in vitro. For exam ...
Biochemistry - Wikimedia Commons
... nature. Biochemistry incorporates everything in size between a molecule and a cell and all the interactions between them. The aim of biochemists is to describe in molecular terms the structures, mechanisms and chemical processes shared by all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie ...
... nature. Biochemistry incorporates everything in size between a molecule and a cell and all the interactions between them. The aim of biochemists is to describe in molecular terms the structures, mechanisms and chemical processes shared by all organisms, providing organizing principles that underlie ...
51:64-72 - Boston College
... make caudal turns at the mid-diencephalon [34]. One limitation of this study is that bath-application of a drug might have a global effect on both the retinal axons addressed and the surrounding neuroepithelial tissue along which axons travel. Targeting solely filopodia may give rise to different res ...
... make caudal turns at the mid-diencephalon [34]. One limitation of this study is that bath-application of a drug might have a global effect on both the retinal axons addressed and the surrounding neuroepithelial tissue along which axons travel. Targeting solely filopodia may give rise to different res ...
Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
... in the central melanocortin system reflect metabolic state, as does the electrical activity of the NPY/AgRP neurons, and this property is maintained in hypothalamic slices used for electrophysiological studies42. The spontaneous firing rate of the NPY/AgRP neuron is generally quite low (0.5 Hz) and ...
... in the central melanocortin system reflect metabolic state, as does the electrical activity of the NPY/AgRP neurons, and this property is maintained in hypothalamic slices used for electrophysiological studies42. The spontaneous firing rate of the NPY/AgRP neuron is generally quite low (0.5 Hz) and ...
Involvement of retinoic acid-inducible gene- BEAS-2B cells
... inflammatory lung diseases. IFN-c exerts pleiotropic effects by regulating the expression of various genes. In bronchial epithelial cells, IFN-c induces expression of IFN-c-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) [2], monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 [3], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [4], c-Met/he ...
... inflammatory lung diseases. IFN-c exerts pleiotropic effects by regulating the expression of various genes. In bronchial epithelial cells, IFN-c induces expression of IFN-c-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) [2], monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 [3], intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [4], c-Met/he ...
Chapter 6 General discussion
... tTG is a multi-functional enzyme involved in the regulation of many pathways both within cells as well as at the cellular surface. The best characterized function of this enzyme is its protein cross-linking activity leading to formation of protein complexes. Besides its cross-linking activity, tTG ...
... tTG is a multi-functional enzyme involved in the regulation of many pathways both within cells as well as at the cellular surface. The best characterized function of this enzyme is its protein cross-linking activity leading to formation of protein complexes. Besides its cross-linking activity, tTG ...
Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry Counters the
... of cholesterol forms via intracellular cholesterol transport by vesicle-mediated and non-vesicle-mediated pathways (Soccio and Breslow 2004; Maxfield and Menon 2006). The unique distribution of phospholipids and cholesterol in bilayer membranes has been shown to be important for cells to function nor ...
... of cholesterol forms via intracellular cholesterol transport by vesicle-mediated and non-vesicle-mediated pathways (Soccio and Breslow 2004; Maxfield and Menon 2006). The unique distribution of phospholipids and cholesterol in bilayer membranes has been shown to be important for cells to function nor ...
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
... activation was not due to an abnormality in the membrane fraction, as the CGD membranes were capable of generating normal rates of superoxide when activated in the presence of control cytosol. Instead, there was a marked abnormality in cytosol factor activity. Control membranes activated in the pres ...
... activation was not due to an abnormality in the membrane fraction, as the CGD membranes were capable of generating normal rates of superoxide when activated in the presence of control cytosol. Instead, there was a marked abnormality in cytosol factor activity. Control membranes activated in the pres ...
Maternal Torso-Like Coordinates Tissue Folding During
... defects and no ventral holes (Fig. 1E). However, in transheterozygotes for tslΔ and the tsl4 and tsl5 alleles, both of which are known to be stronger with respect to the terminal class phenotype (Savant-Bhonsale and Montell 1993), cuticular holes were readily observed (Fig. 1E). We also performed a ...
... defects and no ventral holes (Fig. 1E). However, in transheterozygotes for tslΔ and the tsl4 and tsl5 alleles, both of which are known to be stronger with respect to the terminal class phenotype (Savant-Bhonsale and Montell 1993), cuticular holes were readily observed (Fig. 1E). We also performed a ...
regulation of secretion of parathormone and secretory protein
... to allow us to discern simultaneously the fate of radioactive parathormone made by the cell before and coincident with stimulation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Table II shows that the amount of total parathormone secreted was 3.5- to 4-fold greater at 0.5 mM calcium than at 3 .0 mM calcium. At both conc ...
... to allow us to discern simultaneously the fate of radioactive parathormone made by the cell before and coincident with stimulation by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Table II shows that the amount of total parathormone secreted was 3.5- to 4-fold greater at 0.5 mM calcium than at 3 .0 mM calcium. At both conc ...
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... Coordinated locomotion of an organism relies on the development of proper musculoskeletal connections. In Drosophila, the Slit-Robo signaling pathway guides muscles to tendons. Here, we show that the Slit receptor Roundabout 2 (Robo2) plays a non-cell-autonomous role in directing muscles to their co ...
... Coordinated locomotion of an organism relies on the development of proper musculoskeletal connections. In Drosophila, the Slit-Robo signaling pathway guides muscles to tendons. Here, we show that the Slit receptor Roundabout 2 (Robo2) plays a non-cell-autonomous role in directing muscles to their co ...
Identification, Purification, and Molecular Cloning of
... accession number AF215852), maize leaves (GenBank accession number AF215854), and a genomic library from Arabidopsis (GenBank accession number AF215855). We were able to isolate corresponding clones from all of the screened libraries, but none of these cDNA clones encoded the fulllength pGlcT protei ...
... accession number AF215852), maize leaves (GenBank accession number AF215854), and a genomic library from Arabidopsis (GenBank accession number AF215855). We were able to isolate corresponding clones from all of the screened libraries, but none of these cDNA clones encoded the fulllength pGlcT protei ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.