proteins
... about 30 % of methionine requirement can be made up by cysteine about 50 % of phenylalanine requirement can be made up by tyrosine ...
... about 30 % of methionine requirement can be made up by cysteine about 50 % of phenylalanine requirement can be made up by tyrosine ...
9 Pancreas + insulin Sinamis Drei Basel Noufal ……
... subunits , the portions of beta subunits protruding towards the cytoplasm become autophosphorylated (insulin receptor is an example of enzyme linked receptor) . Autophosphorylation of the beta subunits activates the local tyrosine kinase which, in turn, causes phosphorylation of multiple other intra ...
... subunits , the portions of beta subunits protruding towards the cytoplasm become autophosphorylated (insulin receptor is an example of enzyme linked receptor) . Autophosphorylation of the beta subunits activates the local tyrosine kinase which, in turn, causes phosphorylation of multiple other intra ...
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... The retina and optic nerve are part of the central nervous system (CNS). Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons located in the innermost layer of the retina that convey visual signals from the retina along their axons to the brain. As with other mammalian CNS neurons, RGC axons ar ...
... The retina and optic nerve are part of the central nervous system (CNS). Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons located in the innermost layer of the retina that convey visual signals from the retina along their axons to the brain. As with other mammalian CNS neurons, RGC axons ar ...
Encoding and processing of sensory information
... In the present work, we review results on the encoding and processing of sensory information by neurons belonging to the first two stages of the amplitude-analyzing pathway in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia. The methods and results presented here differ significantly from the earlier studies b ...
... In the present work, we review results on the encoding and processing of sensory information by neurons belonging to the first two stages of the amplitude-analyzing pathway in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia. The methods and results presented here differ significantly from the earlier studies b ...
The Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Dopamine Receptors
... activates members of a family of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors named D1 to D5. Targeting these receptors using specific agonists and antagonists has provided an opportunity to significantly influence dopaminergic transmission and dopamine-dependent functions by enhancing or blocking the actio ...
... activates members of a family of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors named D1 to D5. Targeting these receptors using specific agonists and antagonists has provided an opportunity to significantly influence dopaminergic transmission and dopamine-dependent functions by enhancing or blocking the actio ...
Biogenesis of proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space
... 1.1. Origin, structure and function of mitochondria Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles of eukaryotic cells that are involved in many cellular processes from energy production to apoptosis. This is quite astonishing, considering that mitochondria are believed to have evolved from a bacterial endo ...
... 1.1. Origin, structure and function of mitochondria Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles of eukaryotic cells that are involved in many cellular processes from energy production to apoptosis. This is quite astonishing, considering that mitochondria are believed to have evolved from a bacterial endo ...
The nucleolus through the years
... That classification was dependent on the nucleolar affinity to basic and acidic dyes introduced for the visualization of main cell components. Nucleoli stained with acidic dyes were considered to be “real nucleoli“ and those stained with basic dyes were believed to be “false”. However, in Unna-Pappe ...
... That classification was dependent on the nucleolar affinity to basic and acidic dyes introduced for the visualization of main cell components. Nucleoli stained with acidic dyes were considered to be “real nucleoli“ and those stained with basic dyes were believed to be “false”. However, in Unna-Pappe ...
A brief history of ATP
... The spinning ATP synthase enzyme that coins ATP from its precursor, ADP, is found in rod-like structures called mitochondria that lurk in our cells. Every mitochondrion is studded with hundreds if not thousands of the enzymes. Unlock the secrets of ATP manufacture and you have a clue to understandin ...
... The spinning ATP synthase enzyme that coins ATP from its precursor, ADP, is found in rod-like structures called mitochondria that lurk in our cells. Every mitochondrion is studded with hundreds if not thousands of the enzymes. Unlock the secrets of ATP manufacture and you have a clue to understandin ...
Auxins in defense strategies
... acid and ethylene are not only important signaling molecules, but also play a critical role in the regulation of plant immune responses in many cases. Furthermore, other plant hormones (also known as phytohormones), such as auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins and brassinosteroids, primar ...
... acid and ethylene are not only important signaling molecules, but also play a critical role in the regulation of plant immune responses in many cases. Furthermore, other plant hormones (also known as phytohormones), such as auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins and brassinosteroids, primar ...
Cell shape changes indicate a role for extrinsic tensile forces in
... defined by a central cell surrounded by a corona of neighbouring cells were followed over 2-min windows12. We quantified how fast each of these domains changed dimensions along the AP and the DV axes of the embryo (‘total’ strain rates). Next we quantified the average rates of shape change for cells ...
... defined by a central cell surrounded by a corona of neighbouring cells were followed over 2-min windows12. We quantified how fast each of these domains changed dimensions along the AP and the DV axes of the embryo (‘total’ strain rates). Next we quantified the average rates of shape change for cells ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... Figure 4. Parasitism gene functions. Parasitism genes in a narrow sense code for secretory proteins directly involved in the nematode-plant interaction. These parasitism proteins are secreted through the stylet into the parasitized plant where they have important functions during the induction of fe ...
... Figure 4. Parasitism gene functions. Parasitism genes in a narrow sense code for secretory proteins directly involved in the nematode-plant interaction. These parasitism proteins are secreted through the stylet into the parasitized plant where they have important functions during the induction of fe ...
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system
... are in general set in motion by the secretion of 2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone derivatives commonly known as flavonoids (Veitch, 2007), which are potent activators of the transcription of rhizobial nodulation (nod) genes. Proteins encoded by the nod genes are involved in the synthesis and secretion of No ...
... are in general set in motion by the secretion of 2-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone derivatives commonly known as flavonoids (Veitch, 2007), which are potent activators of the transcription of rhizobial nodulation (nod) genes. Proteins encoded by the nod genes are involved in the synthesis and secretion of No ...
Light Modulates the Biosynthesis and
... carboxysome numbers. The light dependence of carboxysome content was further substantiated by transmission electron microscopy results of wild-type Synechococcus cells (Fig. 2B; Supplemental Fig. S3). The numbers and positioning of carboxysomes in the cell were statistically analyzed based on the co ...
... carboxysome numbers. The light dependence of carboxysome content was further substantiated by transmission electron microscopy results of wild-type Synechococcus cells (Fig. 2B; Supplemental Fig. S3). The numbers and positioning of carboxysomes in the cell were statistically analyzed based on the co ...
University of Groningen Bacillus subtilis at near
... heterogeneous (Cozy and Kearns, 2010). The benefits of the chain formation under (near-)zero growth conditions are not clear. In respect to the encountered caloric restriction it seems sensible to reduce energy expenditures, as is reflected in general in the expression levels of genes involved with ...
... heterogeneous (Cozy and Kearns, 2010). The benefits of the chain formation under (near-)zero growth conditions are not clear. In respect to the encountered caloric restriction it seems sensible to reduce energy expenditures, as is reflected in general in the expression levels of genes involved with ...
The distribution of SMN protein complex in human fetal tissues and
... Figure 3. Immunohistological and immunofluorescence analyses of SMN protein expression in muscle cells. Combined haematoxylin staining and immunohistochemical experiments using the anti-SMN monoclonal antibody 4B3 were performed on human skeletal muscle sections from control fetuses at 16 (A) and 24 ...
... Figure 3. Immunohistological and immunofluorescence analyses of SMN protein expression in muscle cells. Combined haematoxylin staining and immunohistochemical experiments using the anti-SMN monoclonal antibody 4B3 were performed on human skeletal muscle sections from control fetuses at 16 (A) and 24 ...
Transcriptomic analysis reveals metabolic switches and
... 2006). These parasites are potentially able to remodel their surface, although large-scale studies of all the surface genes at the transcriptomic level were not performed up to date. The above mentioned changes obviously require a fine regulation of gene expression. However, unlike most eukaryotes, ...
... 2006). These parasites are potentially able to remodel their surface, although large-scale studies of all the surface genes at the transcriptomic level were not performed up to date. The above mentioned changes obviously require a fine regulation of gene expression. However, unlike most eukaryotes, ...
Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... reduces MSH signaling to promote food intake [142]. AgRP has also been proposed to act as an inverse agonist, modulating MC3/4-R independently of the presence of a-MSH, as shown by experiments both in vitro and in vivo [71,138,188]. Both POMC and AgRP neurons express leptin and insulin receptors and ...
... reduces MSH signaling to promote food intake [142]. AgRP has also been proposed to act as an inverse agonist, modulating MC3/4-R independently of the presence of a-MSH, as shown by experiments both in vitro and in vivo [71,138,188]. Both POMC and AgRP neurons express leptin and insulin receptors and ...
The Pseudomonas syringae HrpJ protein controls the secretion of
... fractions. Interestingly, the two additional putative translocator proteins, the HopAK1 harpin and HrpK1, were not detectable in the supernatant fraction of the mutant indicating that HrpJ is required for their secretion (Fig. 1B). The HopP1 harpin was secreted by the hrpJ mutant (Fig. 1B) indicatin ...
... fractions. Interestingly, the two additional putative translocator proteins, the HopAK1 harpin and HrpK1, were not detectable in the supernatant fraction of the mutant indicating that HrpJ is required for their secretion (Fig. 1B). The HopP1 harpin was secreted by the hrpJ mutant (Fig. 1B) indicatin ...
leptin
... Leptin is a 146-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced by the adipocytes and coded by the obesity (OB) gene located on chromosome 7 in humans (1). It modulates energy balance and metabolism and plays significant, if not primary, roles in heart disease, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, autoimmune di ...
... Leptin is a 146-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced by the adipocytes and coded by the obesity (OB) gene located on chromosome 7 in humans (1). It modulates energy balance and metabolism and plays significant, if not primary, roles in heart disease, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, autoimmune di ...
Insights into Chromatin Structure and Dynamics in Plants
... addition and removal of these marks and how they are involved in orchestrating development. Further studies to reveal the molecular role of these factors will be necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying cell differentiation and development. 2.2.1. Histone Acetylation The best characterized ...
... addition and removal of these marks and how they are involved in orchestrating development. Further studies to reveal the molecular role of these factors will be necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying cell differentiation and development. 2.2.1. Histone Acetylation The best characterized ...
Regulation Of Glut4 Biogenesis In Muscle Evidence For
... was mounted onto a superfusion chamber and superfused with a physiological saline solution containing (in mM) 2 CaCl2, 143 NaCl, 1 MgCl2, 5 KCl, 10 HEPES, and 10 glucose, pH 7.4, and either 5 mM caffeine and/or 10 M dantrolene. Fura 2 was excited by 340- and 380-nm light and the emitted fluorescenc ...
... was mounted onto a superfusion chamber and superfused with a physiological saline solution containing (in mM) 2 CaCl2, 143 NaCl, 1 MgCl2, 5 KCl, 10 HEPES, and 10 glucose, pH 7.4, and either 5 mM caffeine and/or 10 M dantrolene. Fura 2 was excited by 340- and 380-nm light and the emitted fluorescenc ...
Mesoderm induction: from caps to chips - UNC
... It is likely that all of the families of signalling factors that are important for mesoderm induction have been identified, although all of the crucial individual factors might not yet have been determined. A surprising feature is the complexity of signalling factors that are used by the embryo for ...
... It is likely that all of the families of signalling factors that are important for mesoderm induction have been identified, although all of the crucial individual factors might not yet have been determined. A surprising feature is the complexity of signalling factors that are used by the embryo for ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... which extract water from cells, but not by infusions of solutes that readily equilibrate across the cell membrane (such as urea). Verney coined the term osmoreceptor to designate the specialized sensory elements. He further showed that these were present in the brain50,53 and postulated that they mi ...
... which extract water from cells, but not by infusions of solutes that readily equilibrate across the cell membrane (such as urea). Verney coined the term osmoreceptor to designate the specialized sensory elements. He further showed that these were present in the brain50,53 and postulated that they mi ...
phospholipids
... • COX-2 levels increase in inflammatory disease states such as arthritis and cancer • Up-regulation of COX-2 is responsible for the increased formation of prostaglandins associated with ...
... • COX-2 levels increase in inflammatory disease states such as arthritis and cancer • Up-regulation of COX-2 is responsible for the increased formation of prostaglandins associated with ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.