Mutations affecting development of zebrafish digestive organs
... formation. The pancreas and liver originate as endodermal buds from the foregut. During maturation of the intestine, the lining cells develop from a simple cuboidal to a polarized columnar epithelium composed of several distinctive cell types. Outside the basement membrane there is growth of connect ...
... formation. The pancreas and liver originate as endodermal buds from the foregut. During maturation of the intestine, the lining cells develop from a simple cuboidal to a polarized columnar epithelium composed of several distinctive cell types. Outside the basement membrane there is growth of connect ...
Involvement of the Vacuoles of the Endodermis in
... SGR2 and ZIG Expression in the Endodermis Is Essential for the Gravitropic Response The gravitropic response can be divided into four consecutive processes: the perception of gravity, signal formation, signal transduction, and differential growth that probably is mediated by asymmetric auxin distrib ...
... SGR2 and ZIG Expression in the Endodermis Is Essential for the Gravitropic Response The gravitropic response can be divided into four consecutive processes: the perception of gravity, signal formation, signal transduction, and differential growth that probably is mediated by asymmetric auxin distrib ...
Chapter 3 - Coastal Bend College
... – Amino acids & glucose go into the cell and area going out of the cell can’t occur via direct diffusion because they are too big. Thus there is – Mediated transport (facilitated diffusion): • Process by which transport proteins assist the movement of water soluble molecules or electrically charged ...
... – Amino acids & glucose go into the cell and area going out of the cell can’t occur via direct diffusion because they are too big. Thus there is – Mediated transport (facilitated diffusion): • Process by which transport proteins assist the movement of water soluble molecules or electrically charged ...
Role of E-cadherin and other cell adhesion molecules in survival
... and pluripotent states has expanded considerably during the past 14 years. Key transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, have been found to act in autoregulatory modules to specify the pluripotent state of both mouse and human pluripotent stem cells.9 Other regulatory cues, such as supp ...
... and pluripotent states has expanded considerably during the past 14 years. Key transcription factors, including Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, have been found to act in autoregulatory modules to specify the pluripotent state of both mouse and human pluripotent stem cells.9 Other regulatory cues, such as supp ...
5_Muscle
... The appropriate term to describe an axon branch (as shown in these figures) is ___________________. The appropriate stimulus for skeletal muscle cells is ...
... The appropriate term to describe an axon branch (as shown in these figures) is ___________________. The appropriate stimulus for skeletal muscle cells is ...
Expression of Nuclear Lamin A and Muscle
... considerable changes in the expression of muscle-specific contractile proteins (Nadal-Ginard, 1978; Coleman and Coleman, 1968). The transcriptional activations of a number of muscle-specific genes are developmentally and coordinately regulated (Paterson and Bishop, 1977; Devlin and Emerson, 1978, 19 ...
... considerable changes in the expression of muscle-specific contractile proteins (Nadal-Ginard, 1978; Coleman and Coleman, 1968). The transcriptional activations of a number of muscle-specific genes are developmentally and coordinately regulated (Paterson and Bishop, 1977; Devlin and Emerson, 1978, 19 ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... spatiotemporal growth regulation of the peptidoglycan cell wall layer. Much is known about peptidoglycan synthesis but regulation of its turnover by hydrolytic enzymes is much less well understood. Bacillus subtilis has a multitude of such enzymes. Two of the best characterized are CwlO and LytE: ce ...
... spatiotemporal growth regulation of the peptidoglycan cell wall layer. Much is known about peptidoglycan synthesis but regulation of its turnover by hydrolytic enzymes is much less well understood. Bacillus subtilis has a multitude of such enzymes. Two of the best characterized are CwlO and LytE: ce ...
Meiotic long non-coding meiRNA accumulates as a dot at its genetic
... (longer than 1.0 kb) [10,12]. Mei2 physically interacts with meiRNA and forms a dot structure at the sme2 locus on chromosome II, depending on the transcription of meiRNA [10,11,13]. These observations suggest that the transcribed meiRNA is tethered to its own genetic locus and may play a role as a ...
... (longer than 1.0 kb) [10,12]. Mei2 physically interacts with meiRNA and forms a dot structure at the sme2 locus on chromosome II, depending on the transcription of meiRNA [10,11,13]. These observations suggest that the transcribed meiRNA is tethered to its own genetic locus and may play a role as a ...
How and why cells grow as rods Open Access Fred Chang
... in Arabidopsis thaliana). E. coli and S. pombe even have similar aspect ratios (length is approximately four times width), despite a nearly 100-fold difference in volume and qualitatively different spatial patterns of growth. One speculation is that the shape and aspect ratio of these rods may have ...
... in Arabidopsis thaliana). E. coli and S. pombe even have similar aspect ratios (length is approximately four times width), despite a nearly 100-fold difference in volume and qualitatively different spatial patterns of growth. One speculation is that the shape and aspect ratio of these rods may have ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... appropriate adaptive responses mainly through the regulation of transcription. Although at different concentrations (p)ppGpp affect the expression of distinct set of genes, the two well-characterized responses are reduction in expression of the protein synthesis machinery and increase in the express ...
... appropriate adaptive responses mainly through the regulation of transcription. Although at different concentrations (p)ppGpp affect the expression of distinct set of genes, the two well-characterized responses are reduction in expression of the protein synthesis machinery and increase in the express ...
senescent cells
... enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) loop (59, 61–64). Senescent cells reorganize chromatin, resulting in heterochromatin formation, extensive gene expression changes, increased cell size and protein content, and changes in cell and organelle shape (55, 65, 66). Senescent cells are metabolically act ...
... enhancer binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) loop (59, 61–64). Senescent cells reorganize chromatin, resulting in heterochromatin formation, extensive gene expression changes, increased cell size and protein content, and changes in cell and organelle shape (55, 65, 66). Senescent cells are metabolically act ...
Melanization and Hemocyte Homeostasis in the Freshwater
... that is present in all multicellular organisms, whereas adaptive immunity is found only in vertebrates. The major difference between these two systems is that the innate immune system lacks memory, which is produced in the form of antibodies, which are proteins that are produced by cells of lymphoid ...
... that is present in all multicellular organisms, whereas adaptive immunity is found only in vertebrates. The major difference between these two systems is that the innate immune system lacks memory, which is produced in the form of antibodies, which are proteins that are produced by cells of lymphoid ...
Anthraquinone emodin inhibits human cancer
... cells degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and reach the lymph and blood circulation. Therefore, the metastatic progression is likely to depend on the acquisition by cancer cells of a more invasive potency (2). At the time being, there is no specific treatment targeting metasta ...
... cells degrade and migrate through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and reach the lymph and blood circulation. Therefore, the metastatic progression is likely to depend on the acquisition by cancer cells of a more invasive potency (2). At the time being, there is no specific treatment targeting metasta ...
Signaling Mechanisms That Regulate Smooth Muscle Cell
... muscle cell types likely promotes SRF binding to the relatively low affinity CArG elements present within the musclespecific promoters. An increase in SRF expression correlates well with the appearance of the SMC during development19 and can be induced by a number of agonists, such as transforming g ...
... muscle cell types likely promotes SRF binding to the relatively low affinity CArG elements present within the musclespecific promoters. An increase in SRF expression correlates well with the appearance of the SMC during development19 and can be induced by a number of agonists, such as transforming g ...
Large-scale histological analysis of leaf mutants using two simple
... negative genetic pathways for leaf-shape control involving cell proliferation. The only characterized mutant in this subclass is rot4-1D, which is associated with a specific decrease in cell number along the P–D axis (Narita et al., 2004) (Figure 4c). An alternative interpretation of axis-specific p ...
... negative genetic pathways for leaf-shape control involving cell proliferation. The only characterized mutant in this subclass is rot4-1D, which is associated with a specific decrease in cell number along the P–D axis (Narita et al., 2004) (Figure 4c). An alternative interpretation of axis-specific p ...
pdf
... possibly altering the cell morphological characteristics. The cells are also susceptible to alterations in the presence of the high energy of the electron beam. Although cryogenic techniques can alleviate this problem over short exposure periods, the cell structure can be altered during sample freez ...
... possibly altering the cell morphological characteristics. The cells are also susceptible to alterations in the presence of the high energy of the electron beam. Although cryogenic techniques can alleviate this problem over short exposure periods, the cell structure can be altered during sample freez ...
Human Monocytes Arachidonic Acid Reacylation Reactions in
... the activation conditions. However, analysis of the PL/triacylglycerol ratio for both isotopes indicated a factor of 2 for 14C and of 6 for 3H. This difference suggests that the bulk of 3H-radioactivity accumulating in PLs comes from a pathway distinct from the de novo pathway (which is the one thro ...
... the activation conditions. However, analysis of the PL/triacylglycerol ratio for both isotopes indicated a factor of 2 for 14C and of 6 for 3H. This difference suggests that the bulk of 3H-radioactivity accumulating in PLs comes from a pathway distinct from the de novo pathway (which is the one thro ...
Regulation of Ribosome Biogenesis by the Rapamycin
... biosynthesis by the TOR pathway is surprisingly complex. In addition to general effects on translational initiation, TOR exerts drastic control over r-protein gene transcription as well as the synthesis and subsequent processing of 35S precursor rRNA. We also find that TOR signaling is a prerequisit ...
... biosynthesis by the TOR pathway is surprisingly complex. In addition to general effects on translational initiation, TOR exerts drastic control over r-protein gene transcription as well as the synthesis and subsequent processing of 35S precursor rRNA. We also find that TOR signaling is a prerequisit ...
Krebs Cycle Intermediates Protective against Oxidative Stress by
... being cardioprotective agents against myocardical infarction [7]. FA and AKG have been proposed to protect cardiac muscles possibly through activating or inhibiting specific transcription factors, such as NF-E2 related factor 2 (NRF2) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1), respectively. In neurons, P ...
... being cardioprotective agents against myocardical infarction [7]. FA and AKG have been proposed to protect cardiac muscles possibly through activating or inhibiting specific transcription factors, such as NF-E2 related factor 2 (NRF2) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1), respectively. In neurons, P ...
Full Text - Cancer Research Frontiers
... described below. While the nuclear pore (NP) remains one site of entry for a myriad of biochemical signals, the LINC complex bridges the cytoskeleton and nucleoskeleton across the perinuclear space (PNS) and is the likely means by which physical forces are sensed (27). Ultimately, the resulting sign ...
... described below. While the nuclear pore (NP) remains one site of entry for a myriad of biochemical signals, the LINC complex bridges the cytoskeleton and nucleoskeleton across the perinuclear space (PNS) and is the likely means by which physical forces are sensed (27). Ultimately, the resulting sign ...
IBiology I Lecture Outline 8 Monera
... b) While linked a doner cell will pass a small piece ofDNA called a ...
... b) While linked a doner cell will pass a small piece ofDNA called a ...
chapter2 467..477 - Caister Academic Press
... With the same techniques used to search for and purify strains of bacteriophage, it has been possible to isolate Bdellovibrio strains and species from a wide variety of environments, capable of attacking most Gram negative organisms (Ruby, 1992). In fact, many strains or species of Bdellovibrio are ...
... With the same techniques used to search for and purify strains of bacteriophage, it has been possible to isolate Bdellovibrio strains and species from a wide variety of environments, capable of attacking most Gram negative organisms (Ruby, 1992). In fact, many strains or species of Bdellovibrio are ...
Arabidopsis whole-transcriptome profiling defines - Plant-o
... genes were assigned and categorized according to the MIPS (http://mips.gsf.de/proj/thal/db/tables/ tables_func_frame.html). The distribution of the genes in each expression group appears to reflect the physiological changes that might occur in the different stages (Figure 3c). For instance, the numb ...
... genes were assigned and categorized according to the MIPS (http://mips.gsf.de/proj/thal/db/tables/ tables_func_frame.html). The distribution of the genes in each expression group appears to reflect the physiological changes that might occur in the different stages (Figure 3c). For instance, the numb ...
... Two heads are better than one, according to the old expression. So how about tens of heads, all working together to answer scientific questions and translate biomedical discoveries for use in the clinic? A core vision of the TBSI is to encourage collaboration between scientific, engineering and medi ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.