Bone Pain Is Mediated by TRPV4 via Aquaporin
... metastasize to bone and cause diverse complications. Among these complications, bone pain is frequently accompanied with cancer metastasis to bone and recognized as a major clinical problem as survival of cancer patients prolongs. Bone pain can be caused by noxious chemical and/or mechanical stimuli ...
... metastasize to bone and cause diverse complications. Among these complications, bone pain is frequently accompanied with cancer metastasis to bone and recognized as a major clinical problem as survival of cancer patients prolongs. Bone pain can be caused by noxious chemical and/or mechanical stimuli ...
The F8H Glycosyltransferase is a Functional Paralog of FRA8
... (Fig. 1A); therefore, we designated it as F8H. To examine the expression pattern of the F8H gene, we first analyzed its expression level in various organs and laser-microdissected cells from the inflorescence stems. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that F8H was expressed in all organs examin ...
... (Fig. 1A); therefore, we designated it as F8H. To examine the expression pattern of the F8H gene, we first analyzed its expression level in various organs and laser-microdissected cells from the inflorescence stems. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that F8H was expressed in all organs examin ...
Chapter 27
... Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called horizontal gene transfer ...
... Movement of genes among individuals from different species is called horizontal gene transfer ...
Betulinic Acid-induced Programmed Cell Death in
... cells) with betulinic acid leads to the activation of p38 and stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase [widely accepted proapoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)] with no change in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (antiapoptotic MAPK). Moreo ...
... cells) with betulinic acid leads to the activation of p38 and stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase [widely accepted proapoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)] with no change in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (antiapoptotic MAPK). Moreo ...
- Wiley Online Library
... studies in M. truncatula but potentially also suitable for use in other legume species. To illustrate the utility of these markers we used a selection of them to further investigate cellular changes in M. truncatula root cells during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. During this mutualistic endosymb ...
... studies in M. truncatula but potentially also suitable for use in other legume species. To illustrate the utility of these markers we used a selection of them to further investigate cellular changes in M. truncatula root cells during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. During this mutualistic endosymb ...
a morphogenetic role for the TNF signalling pathway
... signal via one of the canonical adaptors that bind to the receptor’s death domain (see above), because it has been proposed that the adaptor proteins TRADD, receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and TRAF2 do not participate in TNFα-induced activation of Rho GTPases (Puls et al., 1999). Thus, the effect ...
... signal via one of the canonical adaptors that bind to the receptor’s death domain (see above), because it has been proposed that the adaptor proteins TRADD, receptor-interacting protein (RIP) and TRAF2 do not participate in TNFα-induced activation of Rho GTPases (Puls et al., 1999). Thus, the effect ...
Cells Mediate Adhesion to Fibronectin, Laminin, and Collagen
... types I and IV. Cell attachment to these substrates appears to be mediated by members of the f1 integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. Antibodies to the PI subunit not only demonstrated the presence of integrin complexes in focal adhesion plaques but also blocked cell adhesion to the dif ...
... types I and IV. Cell attachment to these substrates appears to be mediated by members of the f1 integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. Antibodies to the PI subunit not only demonstrated the presence of integrin complexes in focal adhesion plaques but also blocked cell adhesion to the dif ...
Visualizing microtubule dynamics and membrane - UvA-DARE
... EMM tomography revealed the existence of at least two different kinds of vesicles during celll plate formation which could suggest the involvement of multiple membrane sources andd trafficking pathways driving cell plate formation (Segui-Simarro et al., 2004). Inn addition to these observations, rec ...
... EMM tomography revealed the existence of at least two different kinds of vesicles during celll plate formation which could suggest the involvement of multiple membrane sources andd trafficking pathways driving cell plate formation (Segui-Simarro et al., 2004). Inn addition to these observations, rec ...
A DNA Damage Checkpoint Pathway Coordinates the
... (Tanabe and Kamada 1994). It seems likely that some mechanism has to be in charge to ensure that in the case that replication in one of the nuclei is delayed with respect to the other one, both nuclei will enter mitosis at the same time. However, the molecular mechanisms determining the accuracy of ...
... (Tanabe and Kamada 1994). It seems likely that some mechanism has to be in charge to ensure that in the case that replication in one of the nuclei is delayed with respect to the other one, both nuclei will enter mitosis at the same time. However, the molecular mechanisms determining the accuracy of ...
T cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis
... cell line. NO induction, along with tryptophan and iron deprivation, combined to account for greater than 60% of the IFN-γ-induced growth inhibition in human cells. Induction of IDO in response to Chlamydia infection has not been observed in murine systems, but several recent studies show that NO in ...
... cell line. NO induction, along with tryptophan and iron deprivation, combined to account for greater than 60% of the IFN-γ-induced growth inhibition in human cells. Induction of IDO in response to Chlamydia infection has not been observed in murine systems, but several recent studies show that NO in ...
Mutations in the tat Gene Are Responsible for Human
... codon, while the other contained an H-to-L mutation at amino acid 13 (H133L). Both tat cDNAs were defective in terms of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat-luciferase reporter gene in transient-transfection experiments. Introduction of the H133L mutation in a wild-type tat background ...
... codon, while the other contained an H-to-L mutation at amino acid 13 (H133L). Both tat cDNAs were defective in terms of transcriptional activation of long terminal repeat-luciferase reporter gene in transient-transfection experiments. Introduction of the H133L mutation in a wild-type tat background ...
The RCK/p54 Prion-Related Domain and its Influence on the
... transduced with the lentivirus. To determine virus titer, cells were washed 2x with PBS and incubated with crystal violet dye (0.1% crystal violent, 20% ethanol), and the surviving cells were counted, and a viral titer was calculated. To concentrate the lentivirus, the transfection in 293FT cells wa ...
... transduced with the lentivirus. To determine virus titer, cells were washed 2x with PBS and incubated with crystal violet dye (0.1% crystal violent, 20% ethanol), and the surviving cells were counted, and a viral titer was calculated. To concentrate the lentivirus, the transfection in 293FT cells wa ...
IGF signaling directs ventricular cardiomyocyte
... factors secreted by the epicardium (for a review, see Sucov et al., 2009). For example, blocking the formation of the epicardium in chick embryos by physical obstruction resulted in a hypoplastic ventricular wall in the denuded region (Gittenberger-de Groot et al., 2000; Manner et al., 2005). Simila ...
... factors secreted by the epicardium (for a review, see Sucov et al., 2009). For example, blocking the formation of the epicardium in chick embryos by physical obstruction resulted in a hypoplastic ventricular wall in the denuded region (Gittenberger-de Groot et al., 2000; Manner et al., 2005). Simila ...
Protein Secretion in Plants: from the trans
... The fusion of transport vesicles with their target membrane is preceded by tethering and docking, both of which contribute to the target specificity of vesicle fusion. Initially, rab-GTP on the vesicle membrane interacts with effectors that tether the vesicle to the target membrane (43). This is foll ...
... The fusion of transport vesicles with their target membrane is preceded by tethering and docking, both of which contribute to the target specificity of vesicle fusion. Initially, rab-GTP on the vesicle membrane interacts with effectors that tether the vesicle to the target membrane (43). This is foll ...
The evolution of information in the major transitions
... In the chemoton model, interactions between three chemical subsystems with autocatalytic self-sustaining and self-reproducing properties lead to the emergence of a biological system. How such a biological entity could have evolved has been the subject of much speculation. According to some schemes, ...
... In the chemoton model, interactions between three chemical subsystems with autocatalytic self-sustaining and self-reproducing properties lead to the emergence of a biological system. How such a biological entity could have evolved has been the subject of much speculation. According to some schemes, ...
Mechanisms and cellular roles of local protein synthesis in mammalian cells
... specific mRNA transport pathways by studying them. Despite this, it is abundantly clear that synaptic activity influences the distribution and motility of these entities, and based on this it has been proposed that mRNA localizes to active synapses through the RNA-binding factors and activities asso ...
... specific mRNA transport pathways by studying them. Despite this, it is abundantly clear that synaptic activity influences the distribution and motility of these entities, and based on this it has been proposed that mRNA localizes to active synapses through the RNA-binding factors and activities asso ...
Confocal imaging of glial cells in the intact rat optic nerve
... in a single two-dimensional image. 3) Cell images can be rotated through 360" in all planes to provide a new perspective of glial cell structure in the intact tissue. 4) Reconstruction of optical sections, within a narrow focal plane, provides a high definition and resolution of the finer details of ...
... in a single two-dimensional image. 3) Cell images can be rotated through 360" in all planes to provide a new perspective of glial cell structure in the intact tissue. 4) Reconstruction of optical sections, within a narrow focal plane, provides a high definition and resolution of the finer details of ...
What is the endocrine system?
... While travelling through the bloodstream hormones come into contact with most cells of the body. However a hormone affects only certain cells called target cells. Target cells have specific receptor proteins that recognize and bind to a specific hormone. These receptor proteins can be on the cell me ...
... While travelling through the bloodstream hormones come into contact with most cells of the body. However a hormone affects only certain cells called target cells. Target cells have specific receptor proteins that recognize and bind to a specific hormone. These receptor proteins can be on the cell me ...
Regulation of the endothelial cell cycle by the ubiquitin
... enzyme and then they transfer Ub to their substrate; in contrast, RING-domain-E3s allow the direct transfer of the Ub moiety from E2 to the target protein. Substrates can be modified with a single Ub or with Ub chains, but only poly-ubiquitination addresses proteins for degradation by the 26S-protea ...
... enzyme and then they transfer Ub to their substrate; in contrast, RING-domain-E3s allow the direct transfer of the Ub moiety from E2 to the target protein. Substrates can be modified with a single Ub or with Ub chains, but only poly-ubiquitination addresses proteins for degradation by the 26S-protea ...
Recurrences in Thom spectra
... 3.3. Higher order complexes. The formula we’ve indicated for describing d1 in the case of these G is the single easy step; all the higher differentials are vastly more complex, as we have to study equivariant cells which have been lifted across multiple filtration layers. For instance, here is the A ...
... 3.3. Higher order complexes. The formula we’ve indicated for describing d1 in the case of these G is the single easy step; all the higher differentials are vastly more complex, as we have to study equivariant cells which have been lifted across multiple filtration layers. For instance, here is the A ...
HIV-1 Infection of Nondividing Cells: C-Terminal
... In the absence of a functional vpr gene, the critical role of the MA NLS is further revealed: vpr-MA-NLS double mutant viruses show a defect in nuclear import and, as a result, have an impaired ability to infect nondividing cells such as macrophages (Bukrinsky et al., 1993a; Heinzinger et al., 1994; ...
... In the absence of a functional vpr gene, the critical role of the MA NLS is further revealed: vpr-MA-NLS double mutant viruses show a defect in nuclear import and, as a result, have an impaired ability to infect nondividing cells such as macrophages (Bukrinsky et al., 1993a; Heinzinger et al., 1994; ...
Naive T cell homeostasis: from awareness of space to a
... knockout mice is feasible and presents no rejection concerns (owing to the fact that MHC class II molecules are not expressed by mouse T cells), similar studies on the transfer of CD8+ T cells to non-lymphopenic MHC class I-deficient mice are hampered by the vigorous rejection of MHC class I+ cells ...
... knockout mice is feasible and presents no rejection concerns (owing to the fact that MHC class II molecules are not expressed by mouse T cells), similar studies on the transfer of CD8+ T cells to non-lymphopenic MHC class I-deficient mice are hampered by the vigorous rejection of MHC class I+ cells ...
Hijacking of eukaryotic functions by intracellular bacterial pathogens
... interactions. The host cell surface receptor for InlA is human E-cadherin [11], which is required for optimal intercellular adherence and adherence junction formation. Actin remodeling resulting from binding of InlA to E-cadherin is promoted by α and β-catenins, molecules that normally link the rece ...
... interactions. The host cell surface receptor for InlA is human E-cadherin [11], which is required for optimal intercellular adherence and adherence junction formation. Actin remodeling resulting from binding of InlA to E-cadherin is promoted by α and β-catenins, molecules that normally link the rece ...
Cytotoxic T Cell Lysis of Target Cells Fused with Liposomes
... The lytic activity of secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes against influenza A virus was tested on cells which had been fused with liposomes containing the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase of an avian influenza A virus (fowl plague virus, FPV). Fusion was obtained solely by the activity of the haemag ...
... The lytic activity of secondary cytotoxic lymphocytes against influenza A virus was tested on cells which had been fused with liposomes containing the haemagglutinin and the neuraminidase of an avian influenza A virus (fowl plague virus, FPV). Fusion was obtained solely by the activity of the haemag ...
Involvement of the Vacuoles of the Endodermis in
... SGR2 and ZIG Expression in the Endodermis Is Essential for the Gravitropic Response The gravitropic response can be divided into four consecutive processes: the perception of gravity, signal formation, signal transduction, and differential growth that probably is mediated by asymmetric auxin distrib ...
... SGR2 and ZIG Expression in the Endodermis Is Essential for the Gravitropic Response The gravitropic response can be divided into four consecutive processes: the perception of gravity, signal formation, signal transduction, and differential growth that probably is mediated by asymmetric auxin distrib ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.