Before people could understand the history of the universe, they had
... • Ideal "standard candles" to survey the Universe - Their light curves and spectra are all nearly alike and they are bright enough to be seen across billions of light-years • By 1998, many of these supernovae analyzed in detail, leading scientists to conclude that the expansion of the Universe is no ...
... • Ideal "standard candles" to survey the Universe - Their light curves and spectra are all nearly alike and they are bright enough to be seen across billions of light-years • By 1998, many of these supernovae analyzed in detail, leading scientists to conclude that the expansion of the Universe is no ...
Particle Production In The Early Universe
... As an example of how pair production affected the composition of the early universe, consider the production of electrons and positrons as the universe expanded and cooled. At high temperatures—above about 1010 K—most photons had enough energy to form an electron or a positron, and pair production w ...
... As an example of how pair production affected the composition of the early universe, consider the production of electrons and positrons as the universe expanded and cooled. At high temperatures—above about 1010 K—most photons had enough energy to form an electron or a positron, and pair production w ...
File - AMS02 BOLOGNA
... The temperature of the universe is low enough (1028 K) to separate the strong force from the electroweak force. This phase transition triggers a period of exponential expansion known as cosmic inflation. After inflation ends, particle interactions are still energetic enough to create large numbers o ...
... The temperature of the universe is low enough (1028 K) to separate the strong force from the electroweak force. This phase transition triggers a period of exponential expansion known as cosmic inflation. After inflation ends, particle interactions are still energetic enough to create large numbers o ...
Document
... Conclusions from our Observations • The Universe has a finite age, so light from very distant galaxies has not had time to reach us, therefore the night sky is dark. ...
... Conclusions from our Observations • The Universe has a finite age, so light from very distant galaxies has not had time to reach us, therefore the night sky is dark. ...
Pre-test on THE UNIVERSE, GALAXIES, AND STARS
... 9. if the nearest star is 4.2 light-years away then • the light we see left the star 4.2 years ago. • the star is 4.2 million miles away. • the star must have formed 4.2 billion years ...
... 9. if the nearest star is 4.2 light-years away then • the light we see left the star 4.2 years ago. • the star is 4.2 million miles away. • the star must have formed 4.2 billion years ...
However the Big Bang theory had some competition…
... The Big Bang Theory To explain Hubble’s extraordinary discoveries about our expanding universe, astronomers came up with the Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang theory states that the whole universe started from a single tiny point that expanded rapidly in an explosion about 13 Billion years ago and is s ...
... The Big Bang Theory To explain Hubble’s extraordinary discoveries about our expanding universe, astronomers came up with the Big Bang Theory. The Big Bang theory states that the whole universe started from a single tiny point that expanded rapidly in an explosion about 13 Billion years ago and is s ...
What Is Man's Place In The Universe?
... The Sun sits at one of the focal points of each planet’s elliptical orbit. I know this because I stole Tycho Brahe’s data and there’s simply less error in the calculations if you assume elliptical orbits. ...
... The Sun sits at one of the focal points of each planet’s elliptical orbit. I know this because I stole Tycho Brahe’s data and there’s simply less error in the calculations if you assume elliptical orbits. ...
special relativity and general relativity
... "Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is." The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy ...
... "Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is." The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy ...
Big Bang and Synthesis of Elements
... elements comprise less than 1% of the total. The observed 3:1 ratio of hydrogen to helium along with the relative scarcity of heavier elements yield critical clues about the density, temperature, and expansion rate of the early universe. The correlations between these observations and the prediction ...
... elements comprise less than 1% of the total. The observed 3:1 ratio of hydrogen to helium along with the relative scarcity of heavier elements yield critical clues about the density, temperature, and expansion rate of the early universe. The correlations between these observations and the prediction ...
understanding-the
... a. The red shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving away from each other. b. The red shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving towards each other. c. The blue shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving away from each other. d. The blue shift indicates that distant galaxies are m ...
... a. The red shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving away from each other. b. The red shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving towards each other. c. The blue shift indicates that distant galaxies are moving away from each other. d. The blue shift indicates that distant galaxies are m ...
Document
... Universe is finite in size Universe is finite in age Dust blocks out most light Light gets too redshifted to see ...
... Universe is finite in size Universe is finite in age Dust blocks out most light Light gets too redshifted to see ...
April 2006 - Otterbein University
... Conclusions from our Observations • The Universe has a finite age, so light from very distant galaxies has not had time to reach us, therefore the night sky is dark. ...
... Conclusions from our Observations • The Universe has a finite age, so light from very distant galaxies has not had time to reach us, therefore the night sky is dark. ...
Which of the following statements is TRUE
... Einstein showed that the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation can explain the photoelectric effect and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this ...
... Einstein showed that the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation can explain the photoelectric effect and was awarded the Nobel Prize for this ...
Origins of the Universe - Fraser Heights Chess Club
... • Black holes are made when a giant star, many times the mass of our Sun, dies. • Most of the star’s atmosphere is blown into space as a supernova explosion. • The star’s core collapses under its own weight. • If the remaining mass is more than the mass of 3 Suns, it will collapse into a black hole. ...
... • Black holes are made when a giant star, many times the mass of our Sun, dies. • Most of the star’s atmosphere is blown into space as a supernova explosion. • The star’s core collapses under its own weight. • If the remaining mass is more than the mass of 3 Suns, it will collapse into a black hole. ...
Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies:
... •Curvature or dark energy can be only important in very late time for evolution of the Universe Since late time=larger horizon size, ISW affects Cl on very small l’s Late ISW •However, when the universe became matter domination from radiation domination, potential decayed! This epoch is near recombi ...
... •Curvature or dark energy can be only important in very late time for evolution of the Universe Since late time=larger horizon size, ISW affects Cl on very small l’s Late ISW •However, when the universe became matter domination from radiation domination, potential decayed! This epoch is near recombi ...
物理学と幾何学
... General relativity has played a leading role in cosmology and astrophysics in these 90 years and produced new predictions, often by interplays with developments in microscopic physics. Many of them, although regarded as exotic at first, have been successfully confirmed by observations. Now, general ...
... General relativity has played a leading role in cosmology and astrophysics in these 90 years and produced new predictions, often by interplays with developments in microscopic physics. Many of them, although regarded as exotic at first, have been successfully confirmed by observations. Now, general ...
Concept map-Rubric-final - Berkeley Center for Cosmological
... formed and the universe became transparent; matches black body spectrum from hot early universe •Ratios of elements (nucleosynthesis): predictions of ratios from nuclear physics match observed ratios •Redshift of distant galaxies suggest expansion—Hubble ’s Law (redshift is proportional to distance) ...
... formed and the universe became transparent; matches black body spectrum from hot early universe •Ratios of elements (nucleosynthesis): predictions of ratios from nuclear physics match observed ratios •Redshift of distant galaxies suggest expansion—Hubble ’s Law (redshift is proportional to distance) ...
cosmic microwave background and foregrounds
... synchrotron or CMB or other foregrounds are brighter It is measured through indirect Hα emission line Its emission decays in frequency, but less fast than synchrotron, because of the energy distribution of ions It is intrinsically unpolarized, the available observations from Hα surveys, WMAP data (B ...
... synchrotron or CMB or other foregrounds are brighter It is measured through indirect Hα emission line Its emission decays in frequency, but less fast than synchrotron, because of the energy distribution of ions It is intrinsically unpolarized, the available observations from Hα surveys, WMAP data (B ...
The First Three Minutes of Creation
... The first to do so were two Russian physicists, Andrei Doroshkevich and Igor Novikov in 1964. But they were too late. Two US groups were already hot on the pursuit of fossil radio waves from the early universe. One group, led by Robert Dicke, knew what to look for, and mounted an experiment in Princ ...
... The first to do so were two Russian physicists, Andrei Doroshkevich and Igor Novikov in 1964. But they were too late. Two US groups were already hot on the pursuit of fossil radio waves from the early universe. One group, led by Robert Dicke, knew what to look for, and mounted an experiment in Princ ...
THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE IN ONE EASY LESSON
... “Astronomy is more than the study of stars and planets. It is the study of the universe in which we humans exist. You and I live on a small planet circling a small sun drifting through the universe, but astronomy can take us beyond these boundaries and help us not only see where we are in the univer ...
... “Astronomy is more than the study of stars and planets. It is the study of the universe in which we humans exist. You and I live on a small planet circling a small sun drifting through the universe, but astronomy can take us beyond these boundaries and help us not only see where we are in the univer ...
Milky Way Galaxy
... • Theory that the universe began as a point and has been expanding ever since – Thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, hot, and dense “singularity”. – About 14 (13.7) billion years ago ...
... • Theory that the universe began as a point and has been expanding ever since – Thought to have begun as an infinitesimally small, hot, and dense “singularity”. – About 14 (13.7) billion years ago ...
red shift - Scoilnet
... Light is another type of _______, so the Doppler Effect applies to light as well. When a star’s light is red shifted, the star must be moving away from us. To us, almost _______ star looks red shifted, which means they are all moving away. This is only possible if the Universe is ________. The secon ...
... Light is another type of _______, so the Doppler Effect applies to light as well. When a star’s light is red shifted, the star must be moving away from us. To us, almost _______ star looks red shifted, which means they are all moving away. This is only possible if the Universe is ________. The secon ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) ISSN: 2278-4861.
... material was drawn towards the centre of the nebula. This made gravity stronger, making condensation faster. This theory was justified by a well know experiment in which astronomers used a transparent glass tube of water with dissolved salt crystals (mingled in spaces). It was observed that salt cry ...
... material was drawn towards the centre of the nebula. This made gravity stronger, making condensation faster. This theory was justified by a well know experiment in which astronomers used a transparent glass tube of water with dissolved salt crystals (mingled in spaces). It was observed that salt cry ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.