The Components and Origin of the Universe
... incredibly small volume 2. at first, the universe was hot (10 32 C) and energy went rushing out in all directions energy became cooled enough to become matter 3. matter then cooled enough to form protons, electrons and neutrons (subatomic particles) 4. subatomic particles combined to form mostly hy ...
... incredibly small volume 2. at first, the universe was hot (10 32 C) and energy went rushing out in all directions energy became cooled enough to become matter 3. matter then cooled enough to form protons, electrons and neutrons (subatomic particles) 4. subatomic particles combined to form mostly hy ...
How many atoms make up the universe?
... density of the Universe should be close to the so-called critical density that separates an open universe that always grows from a closed universe that ultimately collapses again. • This critical mass density is currently equal to 9.9x10-27 kg/m3. (5.9 Hydrogen /m3) • 4.6% Atoms. More than 95% of th ...
... density of the Universe should be close to the so-called critical density that separates an open universe that always grows from a closed universe that ultimately collapses again. • This critical mass density is currently equal to 9.9x10-27 kg/m3. (5.9 Hydrogen /m3) • 4.6% Atoms. More than 95% of th ...
How and when did the universe begin
... the 1940s a competing hypothesis arose, called the Steady State theory. This theory didn't depend on a specific event like the Big Bang. The Big Bang predicts that as galaxies recede from one another, space becomes progressively emptier. The Steady State theorists admit that the universe is expandin ...
... the 1940s a competing hypothesis arose, called the Steady State theory. This theory didn't depend on a specific event like the Big Bang. The Big Bang predicts that as galaxies recede from one another, space becomes progressively emptier. The Steady State theorists admit that the universe is expandin ...
Chapter 30 Review
... Model that says the universe began as a fluctuation in a vacuum and expanded very rapidly for a fraction of a second before settling into a more orderly expansion ...
... Model that says the universe began as a fluctuation in a vacuum and expanded very rapidly for a fraction of a second before settling into a more orderly expansion ...
From B-Modes to Quantum Gravity and Unification of Forces∗
... Thus recent BICEP2 observations of polarization in the cosmic microwave background will, if confirmed, provide firm empirical evidence for the quantization of gravity. Their details also support quantitative ideas concerning the unification of strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces, and of all the ...
... Thus recent BICEP2 observations of polarization in the cosmic microwave background will, if confirmed, provide firm empirical evidence for the quantization of gravity. Their details also support quantitative ideas concerning the unification of strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces, and of all the ...
The initial conditions and the large
... . The energy scales at stake in the Early Universe are orders of magnitude higher than anything we can reach on Earth. ...
... . The energy scales at stake in the Early Universe are orders of magnitude higher than anything we can reach on Earth. ...
Physics 116 Blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect
... •! Suppose energy in the form of light really does come in quanta? –! Planck said: violet light quanta have more E than red quanta Planck’s law: E = h f = h c/! ! red light = long wavelengths, violet = short –! Quantum concept means energy is delivered in bundles, not continuously, as with waves –! ...
... •! Suppose energy in the form of light really does come in quanta? –! Planck said: violet light quanta have more E than red quanta Planck’s law: E = h f = h c/! ! red light = long wavelengths, violet = short –! Quantum concept means energy is delivered in bundles, not continuously, as with waves –! ...
Light Years and Our Universe
... Sirius, in the constellation Canis Major, is the sky’s brightest star. It is easy to find on winter and spring evenings. When you look at Sirius, you are looking back in time to see how Sirius looked 8 years ago. The light left the star 8 years ago. So how many light years away is Sirius? 8 l ...
... Sirius, in the constellation Canis Major, is the sky’s brightest star. It is easy to find on winter and spring evenings. When you look at Sirius, you are looking back in time to see how Sirius looked 8 years ago. The light left the star 8 years ago. So how many light years away is Sirius? 8 l ...
EXERCISES: Set 2 of 4 Q1: The absolute magnitude of the Sun in
... Q5(b): A photon leaves today (t = t0 ) from the present particle horizon. Assuming an Einstein-de Sitter universe (Ωm,0 = 1, ΩΛ,0 = Ωk,0 = 0), at what time will the photon arrive at the Earth’s location? Express your answer in terms of the present age of the universe. ...
... Q5(b): A photon leaves today (t = t0 ) from the present particle horizon. Assuming an Einstein-de Sitter universe (Ωm,0 = 1, ΩΛ,0 = Ωk,0 = 0), at what time will the photon arrive at the Earth’s location? Express your answer in terms of the present age of the universe. ...
Formation of Universe
... That radiation is called cosmic background radiation and thought to be from the big bang (extreme red-shift into microwaves, we see a wall of microwave radiation filling the sky) Provides a glimpse of the universe at only 380,000 years old (when atoms formed) can be detected by common radio and TV a ...
... That radiation is called cosmic background radiation and thought to be from the big bang (extreme red-shift into microwaves, we see a wall of microwave radiation filling the sky) Provides a glimpse of the universe at only 380,000 years old (when atoms formed) can be detected by common radio and TV a ...
WHERE DO ELEMENTS COME FROM?
... still present in the universe • The universe should have now expanded and be on average only a few Kelvins hot • The wave length of this radiation should be in the range of microwaves ...
... still present in the universe • The universe should have now expanded and be on average only a few Kelvins hot • The wave length of this radiation should be in the range of microwaves ...
Astronomy - Seton Hall University Pirate Server
... Exams: There will be two hourly tests and a final exam. HW: There will be weekly HW assignments from the book or the Astronomy Media Book. HW assignments will be graded and is a 20% of the final grade. Attendance/participation: Attendance will be taken each lecture. Student participation ...
... Exams: There will be two hourly tests and a final exam. HW: There will be weekly HW assignments from the book or the Astronomy Media Book. HW assignments will be graded and is a 20% of the final grade. Attendance/participation: Attendance will be taken each lecture. Student participation ...
La teoria del big bang y la formacion del Universo
... three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. • The majority of atoms that were produced by the Big Bang are hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity ...
... three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. • The majority of atoms that were produced by the Big Bang are hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity ...
Cherenkov Radiation From Faster-Than
... Quantum electrodynamics shows that empty space is filled with the zero-point fluctuations (ZPF) of electromagnetic energy field which has spectral energy density given by 1 =ω 3 ...
... Quantum electrodynamics shows that empty space is filled with the zero-point fluctuations (ZPF) of electromagnetic energy field which has spectral energy density given by 1 =ω 3 ...
Objectives: 1.
... All Observers see the same Hubble expansion • Since the universe is homogenous and isotropic (cosmological principle), an observer at any point in the universe would also see galaxies moving away from them. • Big Bang Theory (explains why): ...
... All Observers see the same Hubble expansion • Since the universe is homogenous and isotropic (cosmological principle), an observer at any point in the universe would also see galaxies moving away from them. • Big Bang Theory (explains why): ...
A105 Stars and Galaxies - Indiana University Astronomy
... detected in the form of microwaves—the cosmic microwave background—which we can observe with a radio telescope • Observations of helium and other light elements agree with the predictions for fusion in the Big Bang theory ...
... detected in the form of microwaves—the cosmic microwave background—which we can observe with a radio telescope • Observations of helium and other light elements agree with the predictions for fusion in the Big Bang theory ...
Astronomy 100, Fall 2006 Name: Due: November 28, 2006 at 11 a.m.
... In 2004, using the High-Energy Transient Explorer probe, Derek Fox at Penn State University and his research team found a gamma ray burst — an eruption of gamma rays a billion times greater than the Sun but lasting only a few milliseconds, originating in areas of space that do not seem to have Milky ...
... In 2004, using the High-Energy Transient Explorer probe, Derek Fox at Penn State University and his research team found a gamma ray burst — an eruption of gamma rays a billion times greater than the Sun but lasting only a few milliseconds, originating in areas of space that do not seem to have Milky ...
PODSTAWY FIZYKI ŚRODOWISKA
... • What is outside the universe? • What is the universe like right now ? • How did it get there ? The anthropic principle • The weak anthropic principle states that the universe must be compatible with our existence. • The strong anthropic principle states that the universe is such as it is because i ...
... • What is outside the universe? • What is the universe like right now ? • How did it get there ? The anthropic principle • The weak anthropic principle states that the universe must be compatible with our existence. • The strong anthropic principle states that the universe is such as it is because i ...
ASTRONOMY 5
... Write neatly please. Keep answers short and to the point. Credit is given for the quality of ideas, not the number of words on the page. The first two sections are graded in difficulty from easy to hard. If you are having trouble with the ends of these sections, skip them and go on to the rest of th ...
... Write neatly please. Keep answers short and to the point. Credit is given for the quality of ideas, not the number of words on the page. The first two sections are graded in difficulty from easy to hard. If you are having trouble with the ends of these sections, skip them and go on to the rest of th ...
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology. In older literature, the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) or ""relic radiation."" The CMB is a cosmic background radiation that is fundamental to observational cosmology because it is the oldest light in the universe, dating to the epoch of recombination. With a traditional optical telescope, the space between stars and galaxies (the background) is completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background glow, almost exactly the same in all directions, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize.The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380,000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.The CMB is well explained as radiation left over from an early stage in the development of the universe, and its discovery is considered a landmark test of the Big Bang model of the universe. When the universe was young, before the formation of stars and planets, it was denser, much hotter, and filled with a uniform glow from a white-hot fog of hydrogen plasma. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. When the universe cooled enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral atoms. These atoms could no longer absorb the thermal radiation, and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog. Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling. The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since, though growing fainter and less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time (and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck's relation). This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation. The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling.Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology, since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation. The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000♠2.72548±0.00057 K. The spectral radiance dEν/dν peaks at 160.2 GHz, in the microwave range of frequencies. (Alternatively if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm.) The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions, but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern, the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. They have been measured in detail, and match what would be expected if small thermal variations, generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space, had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today. This is a very active field of study, with scientists seeking both better data (for example, the Planck spacecraft) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion. Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum, no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations. As a result, most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB.The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM (""Lambda Cold Dark Matter"") model in particular. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Either such coherence is acausally fine-tuned, or cosmic inflation occurred.