Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells
... The peptidoglycan layer, a polymer of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine units b(1 fi 4)-linked to N-acetylmuramic acid, is responsible for the strength of the wall (Koch 1998). In Gram-positive bacteria, multiple layers of peptidoglycan are associated by a small group of amino acids and amino acid derivatives, f ...
... The peptidoglycan layer, a polymer of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine units b(1 fi 4)-linked to N-acetylmuramic acid, is responsible for the strength of the wall (Koch 1998). In Gram-positive bacteria, multiple layers of peptidoglycan are associated by a small group of amino acids and amino acid derivatives, f ...
Protection of Retinal Ganglion Cells from Natural and Axotomy
... survival. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic degeneration in the CNS therefore seems crucial for the development of new approaches aimed at protecting neurons from death. Several genes have been identified that play a key role in the positive and negative regulation ...
... survival. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic degeneration in the CNS therefore seems crucial for the development of new approaches aimed at protecting neurons from death. Several genes have been identified that play a key role in the positive and negative regulation ...
C. elegans daf-6 Encodes a Patched-Related Protein
... the nose, all neuronal sensory endings are ensheathed by the sheath glia (Figures 1A and 1B). Four of the amphid neurons, which mediate chemotaxis to volatile chemicals and thermotaxis (Bargmann et al., 1993; Mori and Ohshima, 1995), have dendritic endings that are fully embedded within the amphid s ...
... the nose, all neuronal sensory endings are ensheathed by the sheath glia (Figures 1A and 1B). Four of the amphid neurons, which mediate chemotaxis to volatile chemicals and thermotaxis (Bargmann et al., 1993; Mori and Ohshima, 1995), have dendritic endings that are fully embedded within the amphid s ...
A cell wall reference profile for Miscanthus bioenergy crops
... 1?4-b-xylan. Xylans frequently contain acetyl, arabinosyl and/ or glucuronyl substituents attached to some backbone xylose residues (Carpita, 1996; Scheller & Ulvskov, 2010), hence the designations, arabinoxylan (AX) and glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX). Grass cell walls also contain small amounts of pec ...
... 1?4-b-xylan. Xylans frequently contain acetyl, arabinosyl and/ or glucuronyl substituents attached to some backbone xylose residues (Carpita, 1996; Scheller & Ulvskov, 2010), hence the designations, arabinoxylan (AX) and glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX). Grass cell walls also contain small amounts of pec ...
Cell cycle control of septin ring dynamics in the
... the septation machinery at cytokinesis (Lippincott & Li, 1998 ; Bi et al., 1998 ; Cid et al., 1998a). In turn, the highly dynamic cortical cytoskeleton, formed by fastmoving patches consisting of actin and a complex network of actin-binding proteins (see Botstein et al., 1997 for a review), is respo ...
... the septation machinery at cytokinesis (Lippincott & Li, 1998 ; Bi et al., 1998 ; Cid et al., 1998a). In turn, the highly dynamic cortical cytoskeleton, formed by fastmoving patches consisting of actin and a complex network of actin-binding proteins (see Botstein et al., 1997 for a review), is respo ...
Convergence and Extension Movements During Vertebrate
... dorsal convergence (Sepich et al., 2005). Starting from midgastrulation (7.5 hpf ), the progenitors of all three germ layers undergo C&E movements (Concha and Adams, 1998; Pezeron et al., 2008; Sepich et al., 2005). Whereas the pattern of endoderm and ectoderm C&E is less understood, four distinct C ...
... dorsal convergence (Sepich et al., 2005). Starting from midgastrulation (7.5 hpf ), the progenitors of all three germ layers undergo C&E movements (Concha and Adams, 1998; Pezeron et al., 2008; Sepich et al., 2005). Whereas the pattern of endoderm and ectoderm C&E is less understood, four distinct C ...
Lecture 19. secondary phloem-2
... • Secondary Phloem is produced by the Vascular Cambium and can form form a continuous cylinder of tissue opposite secondary xylem in woody plants. • It is a complex tissue which contains Sieve Elements. – Sieve Cells (SC) are characteristic for Gymnosperms, – while Angiosperms produce Sieve Tube Mem ...
... • Secondary Phloem is produced by the Vascular Cambium and can form form a continuous cylinder of tissue opposite secondary xylem in woody plants. • It is a complex tissue which contains Sieve Elements. – Sieve Cells (SC) are characteristic for Gymnosperms, – while Angiosperms produce Sieve Tube Mem ...
Materials and methods - HAL
... cytoplasmic localization of this site indicate that MCa crosses the plasma membrane to reach the cytoplasm of the cell [8]. To demonstrate the ability of MCa to cross the plasma membrane, a biotinylated derivative of MCa (MCab) was synthesized, coupled to a fluorescent derivative of streptavidine, a ...
... cytoplasmic localization of this site indicate that MCa crosses the plasma membrane to reach the cytoplasm of the cell [8]. To demonstrate the ability of MCa to cross the plasma membrane, a biotinylated derivative of MCa (MCab) was synthesized, coupled to a fluorescent derivative of streptavidine, a ...
... [58] showed these sialo-oligosaccharide receptors to be highly concentrated on human cilia, and at the apical microvillar domain of bronchial ciliated cells. The reported selective attachment of M. pneumoniae to ciliated cells [53, 55) is explained by the lack of this sialo receptor in the membranes ...
REVIEWS
... every essential component must conform to carefully defined specifications, and is therefore subject to stringent quality control (QC). In the cell something similar occurs — there are QC systems for practically every step that leads to the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein molecules1–5. As a result ...
... every essential component must conform to carefully defined specifications, and is therefore subject to stringent quality control (QC). In the cell something similar occurs — there are QC systems for practically every step that leads to the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein molecules1–5. As a result ...
Cilia Review Article - Eastern Virginia Medical School
... Work with C. elegans provided early clues that the gene products for PKD1 and PKD2 might also be involved with cilia structure and/or function. During the examination of mutations that affect mating behavior in C. elegans, Barr et al. (1999, 2001) identified worm homologs of PKD1 as lov-1 (for locat ...
... Work with C. elegans provided early clues that the gene products for PKD1 and PKD2 might also be involved with cilia structure and/or function. During the examination of mutations that affect mating behavior in C. elegans, Barr et al. (1999, 2001) identified worm homologs of PKD1 as lov-1 (for locat ...
PDF
... labeled blast cell had been identified as nf, 23 (88%)contained label only in the posterior part of the first labeled hemisegment, and three (12%’)had label throughout the frontmost labeled hemisegment. Thus, in the majority of embryos in this group, the first labeled blast cell gave rise to progeny ...
... labeled blast cell had been identified as nf, 23 (88%)contained label only in the posterior part of the first labeled hemisegment, and three (12%’)had label throughout the frontmost labeled hemisegment. Thus, in the majority of embryos in this group, the first labeled blast cell gave rise to progeny ...
Nonlysosomal Vesicles (Acidosomes) Are Involved
... of drying, since the yeast-containing vacuoles reverted back to blue when allowed to stand overnight. Control cells were placed in axenic medium containing yeast and 0.4% DMSO without CB. For electron microscopy (EM) cells were transferred to axenic medium which contained both polystyrene latex bead ...
... of drying, since the yeast-containing vacuoles reverted back to blue when allowed to stand overnight. Control cells were placed in axenic medium containing yeast and 0.4% DMSO without CB. For electron microscopy (EM) cells were transferred to axenic medium which contained both polystyrene latex bead ...
Splenic Epstein-Barr Virus–Associated Inflammatory Pseudotumor
... differences in the infected cell types.1 Among EBVassociated splenic and hepatic IPTs it is the spindle cell component that is infected, whereas the virus preferentially affects the lymphocytes of EBV-associated nodal cases. The percentage of splenic and hepatic IPTs that are EBV positive is not wel ...
... differences in the infected cell types.1 Among EBVassociated splenic and hepatic IPTs it is the spindle cell component that is infected, whereas the virus preferentially affects the lymphocytes of EBV-associated nodal cases. The percentage of splenic and hepatic IPTs that are EBV positive is not wel ...
to Light and Abscisic Acid
... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
... deficit. Such regulation is initiated by sensing environmental and interna1 stimuli such as light, humidity, CO,, and the plant-stress hormone ABA, and is accomplished by osmotic volume changes of the cells. Previous studies have implicated heterotrimeric G-proteins, the H+ pump, and the movement of ...
Deletion of Lipoteichoic Acid Synthase Impacts
... Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a well-characterized probiotic microorganism, supported by a decade of genomic and functional phenotypic investigations. L. acidophilus deficient in lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major immunostimulant in Grampositive bacteria, has been shown to shift immune system resp ...
... Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a well-characterized probiotic microorganism, supported by a decade of genomic and functional phenotypic investigations. L. acidophilus deficient in lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a major immunostimulant in Grampositive bacteria, has been shown to shift immune system resp ...
OF PISUM SATIVUM L. (a) Source of Material
... Fig. 3). As time progressed these coalesced so that each cell contained several large vacuoles by the end of phase 2. This differentiation and expansion of the vacuolar system coincided with the expansion of the cells. The long axis of the plastids increased from about 3 fk to 8 fk during phase 2. T ...
... Fig. 3). As time progressed these coalesced so that each cell contained several large vacuoles by the end of phase 2. This differentiation and expansion of the vacuolar system coincided with the expansion of the cells. The long axis of the plastids increased from about 3 fk to 8 fk during phase 2. T ...
RNA binding proteins ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 promote cell quiescence
... putative targets are the mRNAs encoding PIM family kinases and components of the CDK2CyclinE complex that phosphorylates p27, promoting its destruction (16, 17); this mechanism is consistent with the reduced p27 protein, but equivalent p27 mRNA in DCKO late pre-B cells. Furthermore, the AREs in puta ...
... putative targets are the mRNAs encoding PIM family kinases and components of the CDK2CyclinE complex that phosphorylates p27, promoting its destruction (16, 17); this mechanism is consistent with the reduced p27 protein, but equivalent p27 mRNA in DCKO late pre-B cells. Furthermore, the AREs in puta ...
MyoD as a gatekeeper to cell cycle progression
... ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Phosphorylated MyoD is normally degraded in G2 but can be stabilized by adding a proteasome inhibitor to cells, indicating phosphorylation to be the key event responsible for MyoD degradation in G2. The authors further note that the half-life of the MyoD phosphorylation ...
... ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Phosphorylated MyoD is normally degraded in G2 but can be stabilized by adding a proteasome inhibitor to cells, indicating phosphorylation to be the key event responsible for MyoD degradation in G2. The authors further note that the half-life of the MyoD phosphorylation ...
technicolour transgenics: imaging tools for functional
... spectral separation in live tissues. Third, in vitro culture systems have been developed that allow the normal growth of mammalian embryos and explanted tissues, which is a requirement for vital-imaging experiments. These developments allow direct connections to be made between genetic lesions and t ...
... spectral separation in live tissues. Third, in vitro culture systems have been developed that allow the normal growth of mammalian embryos and explanted tissues, which is a requirement for vital-imaging experiments. These developments allow direct connections to be made between genetic lesions and t ...
Chapter 1 Jeopardy Review
... together because none of them have a ______________ to support its body. ...
... together because none of them have a ______________ to support its body. ...
Stamen Structure and Function
... and model species, including tomato (Ursin et al., 1989; Chmelnitsky et al., 2003), tobacco (Koltunow et al., 1990), Antirrhinum (Nacken et al., 1991), oilseed rape (Scott et al., 1991b; Shen and Hsu, 1992), maize (Wright et al., 1993), rice (Tsuchiya et al., 1994), lily (Crossley et al., 1995), whi ...
... and model species, including tomato (Ursin et al., 1989; Chmelnitsky et al., 2003), tobacco (Koltunow et al., 1990), Antirrhinum (Nacken et al., 1991), oilseed rape (Scott et al., 1991b; Shen and Hsu, 1992), maize (Wright et al., 1993), rice (Tsuchiya et al., 1994), lily (Crossley et al., 1995), whi ...
Bone – Inflammation
... the inflammatory process. Distinguishing hyperplasia of reactive bone and remodeling processes from an underlying neoplasm often may be difficult. In contrast to neoplastic bone, reactive bone is arranged in an orderly pattern, with bony trabeculae arranged perpendicular to the adjacent mature corti ...
... the inflammatory process. Distinguishing hyperplasia of reactive bone and remodeling processes from an underlying neoplasm often may be difficult. In contrast to neoplastic bone, reactive bone is arranged in an orderly pattern, with bony trabeculae arranged perpendicular to the adjacent mature corti ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).