Rab-A2 and Rab-A3 GTPases Define a trans
... In animals, Rab11 and Rab25 function at the recycling endosome, with Rab11 also performing an important function in the later stages of cytokinesis (Skop et al., 2001; Pelissier et al., 2003; Riggs et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2005; van IJzendoorn, 2006). In yeast, Ypt3 and Ypt31/32 are involved in ...
... In animals, Rab11 and Rab25 function at the recycling endosome, with Rab11 also performing an important function in the later stages of cytokinesis (Skop et al., 2001; Pelissier et al., 2003; Riggs et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2005; van IJzendoorn, 2006). In yeast, Ypt3 and Ypt31/32 are involved in ...
how exercise builds muscle
... powers the heart, and smooth muscle, which lines the arteries and parts of the stomach, intestine, uterus and other bodily components (its relatively slow, sustained contractions move food through the digestive system, for example). Groups of skeletal muscles contracting against a scaffold of bone, ...
... powers the heart, and smooth muscle, which lines the arteries and parts of the stomach, intestine, uterus and other bodily components (its relatively slow, sustained contractions move food through the digestive system, for example). Groups of skeletal muscles contracting against a scaffold of bone, ...
Meristem-Specific Suppression of Mitosis and a
... degenerate even before separation from the root (Haberlandt, 1914; Rougier, 1981; Rost et al., 1988). Although the time required for a cell to progress from a newly synthesized product of the meristem through the cap proper and into the external milieu has been controversial, radiolabeling studies h ...
... degenerate even before separation from the root (Haberlandt, 1914; Rougier, 1981; Rost et al., 1988). Although the time required for a cell to progress from a newly synthesized product of the meristem through the cap proper and into the external milieu has been controversial, radiolabeling studies h ...
Transport of virally expressed green fluorescent protein through the
... coat protein, and therefore virus, followed by PVX.spGFP-K plants with PVX.sp-GFP plants showing the lowest levels (Fig. 5a, lanes 5±3 and 9±7). There also appeared to be substantially less GFP in PVX.sp-GFPand PVX.sp-GFP-K-infected tissue relative to the amount of virus present and compared to the ...
... coat protein, and therefore virus, followed by PVX.spGFP-K plants with PVX.sp-GFP plants showing the lowest levels (Fig. 5a, lanes 5±3 and 9±7). There also appeared to be substantially less GFP in PVX.sp-GFPand PVX.sp-GFP-K-infected tissue relative to the amount of virus present and compared to the ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... although this seems to be primarily in the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosome ...
... although this seems to be primarily in the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, the dephosphorylation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 by endosomal PtdIns 5- and 4-phosphatases provides another source of endosomal PtdIns3P [63]. Alternatively, the Type Iα inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase localizes to endosome ...
BIM1 Encodes a Microtubule-binding Protein in Yeast.
... mating (Huffaker et al., 1988). Yeast microtubules are always found attached to a spindle pole embedded in the nuclear membrane (Byers, 1981). The intranuclear microtubules project into the nucleus and appear to be responsible for chromosome separation, whereas the extranuclear microtubules have bee ...
... mating (Huffaker et al., 1988). Yeast microtubules are always found attached to a spindle pole embedded in the nuclear membrane (Byers, 1981). The intranuclear microtubules project into the nucleus and appear to be responsible for chromosome separation, whereas the extranuclear microtubules have bee ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... (interferon γ), Th2 (interleukin 4, IL-5, and IL-13), Th17 cells (IL17 and IL-22), or Tregs (IL-10) [3]. The balance between regulatory and proinflammatory Th cells has important implications for disease pathogenesis, which can be exploited in therapeutic strategies [3, 4]. A switch from regulatory ...
... (interferon γ), Th2 (interleukin 4, IL-5, and IL-13), Th17 cells (IL17 and IL-22), or Tregs (IL-10) [3]. The balance between regulatory and proinflammatory Th cells has important implications for disease pathogenesis, which can be exploited in therapeutic strategies [3, 4]. A switch from regulatory ...
The lysosomal signaling anchor p18/LAMTOR1 controls epidermal
... the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on lysosomes (Sancak et al., 2010; Zoncu et al., 2011a). To respond to amino acid levels, the Ragulator functionally interacts with lysosomal v-ATPase (Zoncu et al., 2011b) and forms a complex with HBXIP and C7orf59 to serve as a GEF for Rag GTPas ...
... the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) on lysosomes (Sancak et al., 2010; Zoncu et al., 2011a). To respond to amino acid levels, the Ragulator functionally interacts with lysosomal v-ATPase (Zoncu et al., 2011b) and forms a complex with HBXIP and C7orf59 to serve as a GEF for Rag GTPas ...
Bacterial toxins modifying the actin cytoskeleton
... flanked by two residues important for catalytic activity (Arg or His, and Glu) [6]. The residues (STS(I/L)) forming the β-strand are highly conserved in the enzymatic components and also in C3 enzymes, cholera toxin, Escherichia coli heat labile toxin and pertussis toxin, whereas those involved in t ...
... flanked by two residues important for catalytic activity (Arg or His, and Glu) [6]. The residues (STS(I/L)) forming the β-strand are highly conserved in the enzymatic components and also in C3 enzymes, cholera toxin, Escherichia coli heat labile toxin and pertussis toxin, whereas those involved in t ...
Analysis of 258 Different Lesions of the Central Nervous System for
... Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are the most common procedures to treat brain and spinal cord lesions depending on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and definition [1]. Surgery is used to identify abnormal tissues histologically, to determine how far a tumor has spread ...
... Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are the most common procedures to treat brain and spinal cord lesions depending on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification and definition [1]. Surgery is used to identify abnormal tissues histologically, to determine how far a tumor has spread ...
PDF
... signatures. The proximo-posterior side of the embryo is marked by the expression of Wnt3 (RiveraPérez and Magnuson, 2005) which engage in a signaling autoregulatory loop involving Nodal from the epiblast and BMP4 from the ExE (Ben-Haim et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2001). Nodal and B ...
... signatures. The proximo-posterior side of the embryo is marked by the expression of Wnt3 (RiveraPérez and Magnuson, 2005) which engage in a signaling autoregulatory loop involving Nodal from the epiblast and BMP4 from the ExE (Ben-Haim et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2001). Nodal and B ...
Spatial Simulation of Actin Filament Dynamics on Structured Surfaces
... promising starting point in reproducing in silico experimentally observed filament growth behavior of bone cells on different surface structures. MOTIVATION, MODEL, AND DISCUSSION Bone cells growing on titanium surfaces with regular geometry show significantly different emerging actin filament patterns ...
... promising starting point in reproducing in silico experimentally observed filament growth behavior of bone cells on different surface structures. MOTIVATION, MODEL, AND DISCUSSION Bone cells growing on titanium surfaces with regular geometry show significantly different emerging actin filament patterns ...
Caldicellulosiruptor tāpirins bind to crystalline cellulose! ! 1 Discrete
... These extracellular proteins are used to attach to, modify, and hydrolyze the complex polysaccharides present in plant cell walls. Cellulolytic enzymes, often containing carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), are key to this process; however, these enzymes are not solely responsible for attachment. Fe ...
... These extracellular proteins are used to attach to, modify, and hydrolyze the complex polysaccharides present in plant cell walls. Cellulolytic enzymes, often containing carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), are key to this process; however, these enzymes are not solely responsible for attachment. Fe ...
Heat stress-induced localization of small heat shock
... 24]. Our laboratory has shown that the chaperone-like activity of a-crystallin is temperature dependent. a-Crystallins are ...
... 24]. Our laboratory has shown that the chaperone-like activity of a-crystallin is temperature dependent. a-Crystallins are ...
Idh paper revised II - G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... ABSTRACT The death of larval salivary gland cells during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster has been a key system for studying steroid controlled programmed cell death. This death is induced by a pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone that takes place at the end of the prepupal ...
... ABSTRACT The death of larval salivary gland cells during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster has been a key system for studying steroid controlled programmed cell death. This death is induced by a pulse of the steroid hormone ecdysone that takes place at the end of the prepupal ...
supplementary information
... where R ~ 1.6μm is the radius of the plasma membrane, Vi = (4.5 ± 0.5) × 10 8 is the invertase activity per cell, and Deff is an effective diffusion constant of the monosaccharides through the cell wall and media. If we were to assume that glucose could diffuse through the cell wall unhindered then ...
... where R ~ 1.6μm is the radius of the plasma membrane, Vi = (4.5 ± 0.5) × 10 8 is the invertase activity per cell, and Deff is an effective diffusion constant of the monosaccharides through the cell wall and media. If we were to assume that glucose could diffuse through the cell wall unhindered then ...
as a PDF
... radiation-induced pneumopathy has been approved to date, so that a symptomatic antiinflammatory therapy remains standard of care [5]. Although considerable progress has been made during the last decade in defining disease biomarkers [5, 6] and involved molecular factors, e.g. transforming growth fac ...
... radiation-induced pneumopathy has been approved to date, so that a symptomatic antiinflammatory therapy remains standard of care [5]. Although considerable progress has been made during the last decade in defining disease biomarkers [5, 6] and involved molecular factors, e.g. transforming growth fac ...
Division, and Morphogenesis in Plants
... Ben Scheres and Renze Heidstra Department of Molecular Cell Biology ...
... Ben Scheres and Renze Heidstra Department of Molecular Cell Biology ...
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
... 2C). Studies with V. fischeri mutants that are defective in motility (Graf and others 1994) indicate that, although they aggregate, they do not leave the matrix to colonize host tissues. In addition, the bacteria, when they do eventually move to colonize, show a strong vector toward the site of entr ...
... 2C). Studies with V. fischeri mutants that are defective in motility (Graf and others 1994) indicate that, although they aggregate, they do not leave the matrix to colonize host tissues. In addition, the bacteria, when they do eventually move to colonize, show a strong vector toward the site of entr ...
2.3.1. Vector construction - Trace: Tennessee Research and
... Biological interactions occur on multiple length scales, ranging from molecular to population wide interactions. This work describes the study of two specific areas of biological interactions in microbial systems: intracellular protein-protein interactions and cell-to-cell interactions. The implemen ...
... Biological interactions occur on multiple length scales, ranging from molecular to population wide interactions. This work describes the study of two specific areas of biological interactions in microbial systems: intracellular protein-protein interactions and cell-to-cell interactions. The implemen ...
Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells
... The peptidoglycan layer, a polymer of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine units b(1 fi 4)-linked to N-acetylmuramic acid, is responsible for the strength of the wall (Koch 1998). In Gram-positive bacteria, multiple layers of peptidoglycan are associated by a small group of amino acids and amino acid derivatives, f ...
... The peptidoglycan layer, a polymer of N-acetyl-Dglucosamine units b(1 fi 4)-linked to N-acetylmuramic acid, is responsible for the strength of the wall (Koch 1998). In Gram-positive bacteria, multiple layers of peptidoglycan are associated by a small group of amino acids and amino acid derivatives, f ...
Protection of Retinal Ganglion Cells from Natural and Axotomy
... survival. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic degeneration in the CNS therefore seems crucial for the development of new approaches aimed at protecting neurons from death. Several genes have been identified that play a key role in the positive and negative regulation ...
... survival. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying traumatic degeneration in the CNS therefore seems crucial for the development of new approaches aimed at protecting neurons from death. Several genes have been identified that play a key role in the positive and negative regulation ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).