Mechanisms of size control Christopher J Potter* and
... aspects of biology that remain largely unknown. Although one of the most dramatic differences between species are their individual and organ sizes, the individual members of the same species have remarkably characteristic body and organ sizes, suggesting that genetic mechanism likely play key roles ...
... aspects of biology that remain largely unknown. Although one of the most dramatic differences between species are their individual and organ sizes, the individual members of the same species have remarkably characteristic body and organ sizes, suggesting that genetic mechanism likely play key roles ...
Membrane trafficking and polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes
... 2000). Pollen grains develop pollen tubes on the floral stigma and grow through the female tissues of the pistil to deliver their genetic material to the egg (Taylor and Hepler, 1997; Lord, 2000). To accomplish these tasks, both root hairs and pollen tubes display a highly specialized growth form in ...
... 2000). Pollen grains develop pollen tubes on the floral stigma and grow through the female tissues of the pistil to deliver their genetic material to the egg (Taylor and Hepler, 1997; Lord, 2000). To accomplish these tasks, both root hairs and pollen tubes display a highly specialized growth form in ...
Plastid and Stromule Morphogenesis in Tomato
... observed type of morphology in tomato trichomes is that of a highly irregular cluster of plastid body parts (Fig. 2D and E) which, at the most extreme, are held together in a chain by thin stromule-like features. In such morphologies it is dif®cult to differentiate between the main plastid body and ...
... observed type of morphology in tomato trichomes is that of a highly irregular cluster of plastid body parts (Fig. 2D and E) which, at the most extreme, are held together in a chain by thin stromule-like features. In such morphologies it is dif®cult to differentiate between the main plastid body and ...
PCTpc201500379rar2_pap_plantcell 1..13
... 2009). However, glucomannan seems to play a specific role in certain cell types, as plants lacking an active CSLA7 are embryo lethal (Goubet et al., 2003). In addition, the MANNAN SYNTHESISRELATED genes, which encode putative glycosyltransferases with unknown function, have also been shown to be requ ...
... 2009). However, glucomannan seems to play a specific role in certain cell types, as plants lacking an active CSLA7 are embryo lethal (Goubet et al., 2003). In addition, the MANNAN SYNTHESISRELATED genes, which encode putative glycosyltransferases with unknown function, have also been shown to be requ ...
Early Morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Pharynx
... flanking the basement membrane at the anterior. Celllineage analysis with GFP-N demonstrated that these wedge-shaped cells include the e1 and e2 subclasses of pharyngeal epithelial cells (for stages and cell names, see Sulston et al., 1983). Cells located posterior to the pharyngeal epithelial cells ...
... flanking the basement membrane at the anterior. Celllineage analysis with GFP-N demonstrated that these wedge-shaped cells include the e1 and e2 subclasses of pharyngeal epithelial cells (for stages and cell names, see Sulston et al., 1983). Cells located posterior to the pharyngeal epithelial cells ...
Adenosine affects expression of membrane molecules, cytokine and
... the 20-100 mM or µM range have been detected in injured tissues (13-16). In addition, about 20% of the intracellular ATP content from eukariotic cells can be released by type III secretion machinery (17). Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that activated neutrophils release AMP in the 10 µM ra ...
... the 20-100 mM or µM range have been detected in injured tissues (13-16). In addition, about 20% of the intracellular ATP content from eukariotic cells can be released by type III secretion machinery (17). Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that activated neutrophils release AMP in the 10 µM ra ...
Significance of hydrolytic enzymes expressed during xylem
... vessels, which transport water efficiently. Primitive vessels did, however, not improve water conductance per stem area (Sperry et al. 2007). Therefore, it has been suggested that the diversification of xylem cell types and the evolution of vessels may have been driven by advantages in the specializ ...
... vessels, which transport water efficiently. Primitive vessels did, however, not improve water conductance per stem area (Sperry et al. 2007). Therefore, it has been suggested that the diversification of xylem cell types and the evolution of vessels may have been driven by advantages in the specializ ...
PDF - The Journal of Immunology
... products such as LPS in dendritic cells (DCs), allowing triggering of an iNKT cell response (7, 8). A role for iNKT cells in immune responses to viral infections is supported by studies in mouse models, where mice deficient in either CD1d or iNKT cells show increased susceptibility or impaired immun ...
... products such as LPS in dendritic cells (DCs), allowing triggering of an iNKT cell response (7, 8). A role for iNKT cells in immune responses to viral infections is supported by studies in mouse models, where mice deficient in either CD1d or iNKT cells show increased susceptibility or impaired immun ...
Subthreshold High-Frequency Electrical Field
... skeletal muscle cells and 24 Hz for smooth muscle cells (5). The exact mechanism by which HFES augments cellular protein expression is unclear. In myocardial or cardiac neuronal cells, the functional excitatory effects of electrical stimulation (e.g., muscle cell contraction or neuronal firing) depe ...
... skeletal muscle cells and 24 Hz for smooth muscle cells (5). The exact mechanism by which HFES augments cellular protein expression is unclear. In myocardial or cardiac neuronal cells, the functional excitatory effects of electrical stimulation (e.g., muscle cell contraction or neuronal firing) depe ...
development through auxin-induced cytokinin oxidase activity
... Cheng et al. 2006). Among them is AtCKX6, a gene encoding a cytokinin oxidase involved in cytokinin breakdown (Werner et al. 2003), which is rapidly and transiently induced by auxin (Redman et al. 2004). Interestingly, the AtCKX6 gene is also down-regulated by NPA, indicating that AtCKX6 gene expres ...
... Cheng et al. 2006). Among them is AtCKX6, a gene encoding a cytokinin oxidase involved in cytokinin breakdown (Werner et al. 2003), which is rapidly and transiently induced by auxin (Redman et al. 2004). Interestingly, the AtCKX6 gene is also down-regulated by NPA, indicating that AtCKX6 gene expres ...
Cytomechanical properties of papaver pollen tubes are altered after
... emphasizes the role of the cytoskeleton for cellular structure. In living plant cells the structural role of the cytoskeleton is still largely unknown, but it is likely to be much less significant than the forces governed by the cell wall and the turgor pressure (Lintilhac et al., 2000). In a simpli ...
... emphasizes the role of the cytoskeleton for cellular structure. In living plant cells the structural role of the cytoskeleton is still largely unknown, but it is likely to be much less significant than the forces governed by the cell wall and the turgor pressure (Lintilhac et al., 2000). In a simpli ...
Centromeres: An Integrated Protein/DNA Complex
... Ill is not known,but suggestsa role for structural DNA in this unique protein/DNAcomplex. CentromereDNAfrom a related species of Saccharomyes,S. uvarum, can stabilize minichromosomes in S. cerevisiae, and it contains the conserved sequenceelementsCDEI-III. It is unlikely that centromerefunction exte ...
... Ill is not known,but suggestsa role for structural DNA in this unique protein/DNAcomplex. CentromereDNAfrom a related species of Saccharomyes,S. uvarum, can stabilize minichromosomes in S. cerevisiae, and it contains the conserved sequenceelementsCDEI-III. It is unlikely that centromerefunction exte ...
The functional cobalamin (vitamin B12)–intrinsic factor receptor is a
... transmembrane segment or cytoplasmic tail, several studies have shown that binding of IF-cobalamin to cubilin leads to endocytosis of the ligand and recycling of the receptor.2,3 Besides expression and function in the intestine, cubilin has many-fold higher expression in the apical membrane of kidne ...
... transmembrane segment or cytoplasmic tail, several studies have shown that binding of IF-cobalamin to cubilin leads to endocytosis of the ligand and recycling of the receptor.2,3 Besides expression and function in the intestine, cubilin has many-fold higher expression in the apical membrane of kidne ...
Power tools for gene expression and clonal analysis in
... 18 °C but does not repress GAL4 at 29 °C or higher temperatures. Alternatively, one can use recombinases to temporally control the expression of GAL80, as we will discuss below. This threecomponent system (GAL4-UAS, transgene and GAL80) is the basis of two powerful technologies: MARCM (discussed bel ...
... 18 °C but does not repress GAL4 at 29 °C or higher temperatures. Alternatively, one can use recombinases to temporally control the expression of GAL80, as we will discuss below. This threecomponent system (GAL4-UAS, transgene and GAL80) is the basis of two powerful technologies: MARCM (discussed bel ...
invited review - AJP
... transit through the Golgi apparatus, some high-mannose type N-glycans are converted into N-acetyllactosamine chains, some of which have accessible Nacetylglucosamine moieties (28, 68). Tg is transported via vesicles from the trans-Golgi network to the apical surface of thyrocytes, where it is releas ...
... transit through the Golgi apparatus, some high-mannose type N-glycans are converted into N-acetyllactosamine chains, some of which have accessible Nacetylglucosamine moieties (28, 68). Tg is transported via vesicles from the trans-Golgi network to the apical surface of thyrocytes, where it is releas ...
Polarity Control of Spindle Positioning in the C. elegans Embryo
... When cells divide, chromosome segregation is followed by cleavage of the cytoplasm. The microtubule spindle apparatus instructs the cytokinetic furrow to form perpendicular to, and usually midway through, the central spindle. By positioning the spindle with respect to the polarity axis of the cell o ...
... When cells divide, chromosome segregation is followed by cleavage of the cytoplasm. The microtubule spindle apparatus instructs the cytokinetic furrow to form perpendicular to, and usually midway through, the central spindle. By positioning the spindle with respect to the polarity axis of the cell o ...
Regenerated Hair Cells Can Originate from Supporting Cell Progeny
... pulse to the cell. Then, within 15 min, each laser-treated cell was extruded from the neuromast, as described under Results. The laser treatments, and in many cases the extrusions of the hair cells, were recorded on videotape. The responses of the laser-treatedneuromasts were monitoredby several met ...
... pulse to the cell. Then, within 15 min, each laser-treated cell was extruded from the neuromast, as described under Results. The laser treatments, and in many cases the extrusions of the hair cells, were recorded on videotape. The responses of the laser-treatedneuromasts were monitoredby several met ...
The Nucleolus under Stress
... subunit biosynthesis is one strategy that can preserve cellular energy homeostasis (Sengupta et al., 2010). This can occur at several different levels, which include regulation of RNA Pol I transcription and/or rRNA processing (reviewed in Chedin et al., 2007; Grummt and Voit, 2010). Only 50% of th ...
... subunit biosynthesis is one strategy that can preserve cellular energy homeostasis (Sengupta et al., 2010). This can occur at several different levels, which include regulation of RNA Pol I transcription and/or rRNA processing (reviewed in Chedin et al., 2007; Grummt and Voit, 2010). Only 50% of th ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).