The Id4 HLH protein and the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation
... Although the timer is cell intrinsic, it depends on extracellular PDGF and hydrophobic signals such as thyroid hormone (TH) in order to function normally: when cultured in the absence of PDGF, the precursor cells immediately stop dividing and differentiate (Noble and Murray, 1984; Temple and Raff, 1 ...
... Although the timer is cell intrinsic, it depends on extracellular PDGF and hydrophobic signals such as thyroid hormone (TH) in order to function normally: when cultured in the absence of PDGF, the precursor cells immediately stop dividing and differentiate (Noble and Murray, 1984; Temple and Raff, 1 ...
Character and origin of vacuoles induced in mammalian cells by the
... autophagosomalin nature. Observation by light microscopy revealed that vacuoles originate in a perinuclear position, increasing in number and size until cell degeneration and lysis occur after 48 h. Ultrastructural study of mature vacuoles indicated the presence of a bounding membrane with contents ...
... autophagosomalin nature. Observation by light microscopy revealed that vacuoles originate in a perinuclear position, increasing in number and size until cell degeneration and lysis occur after 48 h. Ultrastructural study of mature vacuoles indicated the presence of a bounding membrane with contents ...
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... A transcription factor network that is stabilized by positive and negative regulation between its components is a good mechanism for maintaining the stable gene expression patterns that determine a particular cell phenotype (von Dassow et al., 2000). Moreover, the application of systems biological v ...
... A transcription factor network that is stabilized by positive and negative regulation between its components is a good mechanism for maintaining the stable gene expression patterns that determine a particular cell phenotype (von Dassow et al., 2000). Moreover, the application of systems biological v ...
How is pluripotency determined and maintained?
... A transcription factor network that is stabilized by positive and negative regulation between its components is a good mechanism for maintaining the stable gene expression patterns that determine a particular cell phenotype (von Dassow et al., 2000). Moreover, the application of systems biological v ...
... A transcription factor network that is stabilized by positive and negative regulation between its components is a good mechanism for maintaining the stable gene expression patterns that determine a particular cell phenotype (von Dassow et al., 2000). Moreover, the application of systems biological v ...
The chimeric leucine-rich repeat/extensin cell wall protein
... 1993) or as linkers between the cell wall and the plasma membrane (Knox 1995). In recent years, several key enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and remodeling have been identified, clarifying how cell wall expansion proceeds (for review, see Nicol and Höfte 1998; Cosgrove 1999; Delmer 1999). How ...
... 1993) or as linkers between the cell wall and the plasma membrane (Knox 1995). In recent years, several key enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and remodeling have been identified, clarifying how cell wall expansion proceeds (for review, see Nicol and Höfte 1998; Cosgrove 1999; Delmer 1999). How ...
Human CHMP6, a myristoylated ESCRT-III protein, interacts directly
... often oriented closer to the nucleus. An MVB (multivesicular body) is defined as an endosome that contains a characteristic accumulation of vesicles in its lumen, as shown by morphological observation, and such bodies are often seen in late endosomes ...
... often oriented closer to the nucleus. An MVB (multivesicular body) is defined as an endosome that contains a characteristic accumulation of vesicles in its lumen, as shown by morphological observation, and such bodies are often seen in late endosomes ...
Characterization of the unconventional myosin VIII in plant cells and
... the schematic drawings in Figure 6. At the onset of mitosis (prophase), actin is localised as dense irregular networks surrounding the enlarged, round nucleus (Figures 2a, 3a and 6a). At this stage, myosin VIII labelling is concentrated along the transverse cell walls and is sparsely distributed alo ...
... the schematic drawings in Figure 6. At the onset of mitosis (prophase), actin is localised as dense irregular networks surrounding the enlarged, round nucleus (Figures 2a, 3a and 6a). At this stage, myosin VIII labelling is concentrated along the transverse cell walls and is sparsely distributed alo ...
Mechanism of polarized lysosome exocytosis in epithelial cells
... Lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 are transported from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes via clathrin-coated transport intermediates. LAMPs contain Cterminal tyrosine-based sorting signals (YXXW), which bind the medium (m) subunits of clathrin-adaptors AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 and AP-4 (Ohno et ...
... Lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 are transported from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes via clathrin-coated transport intermediates. LAMPs contain Cterminal tyrosine-based sorting signals (YXXW), which bind the medium (m) subunits of clathrin-adaptors AP-1, AP-2, AP-3 and AP-4 (Ohno et ...
Distinct gene expression signatures in human embryonic stem cells
... are missing. To overcome this challenge, it is generally believed that the most straightforward strategy of differentiating pluripotent stem cells towards beta-cells is to mimic the signaling pathways of pancreas development, during normal mammalian embryonic development, and to translate this knowl ...
... are missing. To overcome this challenge, it is generally believed that the most straightforward strategy of differentiating pluripotent stem cells towards beta-cells is to mimic the signaling pathways of pancreas development, during normal mammalian embryonic development, and to translate this knowl ...
Notochord morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis
... ically coupled cells within a tissue. The rules of eel behavior control the mechanics of individual cells, sc that when a large number of cells are coupled to one another, we can compare the development of the simulated tissue to morphometric data from scanning electron micrographs and time-lapse re ...
... ically coupled cells within a tissue. The rules of eel behavior control the mechanics of individual cells, sc that when a large number of cells are coupled to one another, we can compare the development of the simulated tissue to morphometric data from scanning electron micrographs and time-lapse re ...
Genetic Control of Programmed Cell Death in the Nematode C
... that occur during embryonic development as well as those that occur during postembryonic development. We have screened ted-7; ted-3 hermaphrodites of various stages, both embryonic and postembryonic, for the presence of dying cells. Although occasional dying ceils were seen, no particular cell died ...
... that occur during embryonic development as well as those that occur during postembryonic development. We have screened ted-7; ted-3 hermaphrodites of various stages, both embryonic and postembryonic, for the presence of dying cells. Although occasional dying ceils were seen, no particular cell died ...
Characterization of uncultured giant rod-shaped
... (0–3 cm deep) and surface water were collected from near the edge of a shallow freshwater pond in Kanazawa, Japan (36u 549 N 136u 93 739 E), and placed into tightly capped 0.5 litre glass bottles. Isolation was begun immediately on return to the laboratory. The MTB were magnetically concentrated by ...
... (0–3 cm deep) and surface water were collected from near the edge of a shallow freshwater pond in Kanazawa, Japan (36u 549 N 136u 93 739 E), and placed into tightly capped 0.5 litre glass bottles. Isolation was begun immediately on return to the laboratory. The MTB were magnetically concentrated by ...
Switching the Cell Cycle. Kip-Related Proteins in Plant Cell
... CDK-cyclin complex, respectively. In contrast, inhibitors of the Kip/Cip family (p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2) bind and inhibit a broader range of CDKs and function in dimeric as well as heterotrimeric complexes with CDKs and cyclins; all share a conserved inhibitory domain at their N terminus. Kip ...
... CDK-cyclin complex, respectively. In contrast, inhibitors of the Kip/Cip family (p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2) bind and inhibit a broader range of CDKs and function in dimeric as well as heterotrimeric complexes with CDKs and cyclins; all share a conserved inhibitory domain at their N terminus. Kip ...
Botanical Gazette
... concentrated near the epidermis that stained NINand PAS-positive; microsporophylls were not examined. All idioblasts and epidermal cells stained for tannins. Most idioblasts showed transfer cell wall-like structures and evidence of breakdown. Few druses were found in the sporophyll tissues. No starc ...
... concentrated near the epidermis that stained NINand PAS-positive; microsporophylls were not examined. All idioblasts and epidermal cells stained for tannins. Most idioblasts showed transfer cell wall-like structures and evidence of breakdown. Few druses were found in the sporophyll tissues. No starc ...
Teacher Guide for Amplify Cell Structure and Function Module
... them that eating and breathing provides glucose and oxygen—this is one of the key connections between the organism and the cell. » Then ask students to think about cellular outputs. Just like humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, the cell releases carbon dioxide as well. Understan ...
... them that eating and breathing provides glucose and oxygen—this is one of the key connections between the organism and the cell. » Then ask students to think about cellular outputs. Just like humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, the cell releases carbon dioxide as well. Understan ...
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... Plant cell walls may have multiple layers Primary cell wall: Middle lamella: Secondary cell wall ...
... Plant cell walls may have multiple layers Primary cell wall: Middle lamella: Secondary cell wall ...
The relationship between emerging neural crest cells
... 1983) and mouse (Sternberg, unpublished observation) NCC migration in vitro. Immunolocalization of fibronectin, laminin and entactin has shown that these glycoproteins are present in, or in association with, embryonic basement membranes, which are contacted by NCCs as they migrate (chick: Tosney, 19 ...
... 1983) and mouse (Sternberg, unpublished observation) NCC migration in vitro. Immunolocalization of fibronectin, laminin and entactin has shown that these glycoproteins are present in, or in association with, embryonic basement membranes, which are contacted by NCCs as they migrate (chick: Tosney, 19 ...
Cdk1 regulates centrosome separation by restraining proteolysis of
... their separation (Blangy et al, 1995; Sawin and Mitchison, 1995). In both Drosophila and Xenopus, loss of aurora-A kinase activity leads to failure in centrosome separation (Glover et al, 1995; Giet et al, 1999). Similarly, inhibition of polo kinase in Drosophila and human cells results in an inabil ...
... their separation (Blangy et al, 1995; Sawin and Mitchison, 1995). In both Drosophila and Xenopus, loss of aurora-A kinase activity leads to failure in centrosome separation (Glover et al, 1995; Giet et al, 1999). Similarly, inhibition of polo kinase in Drosophila and human cells results in an inabil ...
Phosphoinositide Signaling Regulates the Exocyst Complex and
... migrating cells. In this pathway, PIPKIgi2 interacts with the exocyst complex and b1-integrin upon initiation of directional cell migration and regulates b1-integrin trafficking to focal adhesion complexes at the leading edge membrane. This requires an interaction between PIPKIgi2 and talin. RESULTS ...
... migrating cells. In this pathway, PIPKIgi2 interacts with the exocyst complex and b1-integrin upon initiation of directional cell migration and regulates b1-integrin trafficking to focal adhesion complexes at the leading edge membrane. This requires an interaction between PIPKIgi2 and talin. RESULTS ...
Inactivation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase intact cells
... suggesting that intracellular deam:i.nation of ara-A is not a major factor limiting the short tenn effects of ara-A on AdoHcy hydrolase. Inactivation of AdoHcy hydrolase by ara-A is associated with a rressive buildup of intracellular AdoHcy which is ~eularly pronounced in the hepatocytes (frcrn 50 t ...
... suggesting that intracellular deam:i.nation of ara-A is not a major factor limiting the short tenn effects of ara-A on AdoHcy hydrolase. Inactivation of AdoHcy hydrolase by ara-A is associated with a rressive buildup of intracellular AdoHcy which is ~eularly pronounced in the hepatocytes (frcrn 50 t ...
The roles of two C. elegans HOX co-factor orthologs
... and 8).p, divide once, and their daughters then fuse with hyp7. Vulval cell-lineage specification is controlled by several interacting signaling pathways. The ‘synMuv’ pathway plays an important role in determining whether a Pn.p cell generates ...
... and 8).p, divide once, and their daughters then fuse with hyp7. Vulval cell-lineage specification is controlled by several interacting signaling pathways. The ‘synMuv’ pathway plays an important role in determining whether a Pn.p cell generates ...
Do Bacteria have Mitotic Spindles, Fusion Tubes and
... The growing points of Bacterium coli P1. 2, fig. 16, shows a preparation of Bact. coli, unhydrolysed and stained with dilute Giemsa. The stainable areas a t the growing tips and at the points of division (Bergersen, 1952; Bisset, 1948a, 1951 b, 19523) are clearly seen. These stain reasonably well wi ...
... The growing points of Bacterium coli P1. 2, fig. 16, shows a preparation of Bact. coli, unhydrolysed and stained with dilute Giemsa. The stainable areas a t the growing tips and at the points of division (Bergersen, 1952; Bisset, 1948a, 1951 b, 19523) are clearly seen. These stain reasonably well wi ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).