Motor protein control of ion flux is an early step in embryonic left
... event.(2) Most importantly, a number of mechanisms appear to be required for LR patterning at pre-cilia stages. In the chick, a system of gap-junctional communication is required at stage 2–3 (prior to node formation) for correct LR asymmetry(20) and, in the frog, very early mechanisms include gap j ...
... event.(2) Most importantly, a number of mechanisms appear to be required for LR patterning at pre-cilia stages. In the chick, a system of gap-junctional communication is required at stage 2–3 (prior to node formation) for correct LR asymmetry(20) and, in the frog, very early mechanisms include gap j ...
1 Laccases direct lignification in the discrete secondary cell wall
... within the secondary cell wall domains. The tools to assess this prediction have recently been developed, in the form of fluorescently tagged monolignol analogs, such as γ-nitrobenzofuran-tagged coniferyl alcohol (NBD-CA), that become polymerized into lignin via oxidase-mediated radical coupling (To ...
... within the secondary cell wall domains. The tools to assess this prediction have recently been developed, in the form of fluorescently tagged monolignol analogs, such as γ-nitrobenzofuran-tagged coniferyl alcohol (NBD-CA), that become polymerized into lignin via oxidase-mediated radical coupling (To ...
MicroRNA-regulated gene networks during mammary cell
... Small non-coding RNAs have emerged as major gene expression regulators. There is an increasing body of evidence showing that microRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in stem cell biology, differentiation and oncogenesis (2). Tumor suppressor or oncogenic miRNAs have been described, and dysregulation in ...
... Small non-coding RNAs have emerged as major gene expression regulators. There is an increasing body of evidence showing that microRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in stem cell biology, differentiation and oncogenesis (2). Tumor suppressor or oncogenic miRNAs have been described, and dysregulation in ...
Article - Research | www.stowers.org
... an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the whole anterior compartment of the eye disc is characterized by a graded decrease of the apical cell surfaces along the anterior-posterior axis (Figures 1A and 1B); smaller apical surfaces are measured closer to the MF. This ...
... an acute decrease in the apical cell surface of over 10 cell diameters, the whole anterior compartment of the eye disc is characterized by a graded decrease of the apical cell surfaces along the anterior-posterior axis (Figures 1A and 1B); smaller apical surfaces are measured closer to the MF. This ...
Nucleocytoplasmic transport
... Mr has been estimated at 1.25 x 108 by scanning electron microscopy [21]. The density of pore-complexes on the nuclear surface generally correlates with the metabolic activity of the cell [20]. Pore-complexes from all eukaryotic cells seem to be virtually identical in structure and are probably clos ...
... Mr has been estimated at 1.25 x 108 by scanning electron microscopy [21]. The density of pore-complexes on the nuclear surface generally correlates with the metabolic activity of the cell [20]. Pore-complexes from all eukaryotic cells seem to be virtually identical in structure and are probably clos ...
Mutational analysis supports a core role for Drosophila a
... 1998; Gonzalez-Reyes and St Johnston, 1998) and Arm (Peifer et al., 1993), a-Catenin is required for the development of the female germline (data not shown), preventing us from examining embryos that lack the maternal and zygotic gene product. Aside from defects in head involution, we did not see ob ...
... 1998; Gonzalez-Reyes and St Johnston, 1998) and Arm (Peifer et al., 1993), a-Catenin is required for the development of the female germline (data not shown), preventing us from examining embryos that lack the maternal and zygotic gene product. Aside from defects in head involution, we did not see ob ...
Paramecium trichocysts isolated with their membranes are stable in
... Adoutte, 1988, for a review). Although molecular genetics has been slower to come of age in Paramecium than in yeast, several aspects of secretion in Paramecium merit attention, in particular, it is possible to study the final step, exocytosis. Exocytosis is a universal but poorly understood process ...
... Adoutte, 1988, for a review). Although molecular genetics has been slower to come of age in Paramecium than in yeast, several aspects of secretion in Paramecium merit attention, in particular, it is possible to study the final step, exocytosis. Exocytosis is a universal but poorly understood process ...
The World of Cells Kinds of Cells Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell Transport
... use of stains that bind to specific molecular targets. This approach has been used in the analysis of tissue samples, or histology, for many years and has been improved dramatically with the use of antibiotics that bind to very specific molecular structures. This process, called immunocytochemistry, u ...
... use of stains that bind to specific molecular targets. This approach has been used in the analysis of tissue samples, or histology, for many years and has been improved dramatically with the use of antibiotics that bind to very specific molecular structures. This process, called immunocytochemistry, u ...
Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Signaling in
... mixed population was tested by Western blot for the expression of the receptor. Fig. 1C shows the levels of expression in the parental (Lane 1) and transduced cell lines, either with an empty vector (Lane 2) or with the WT IGF-IR vector (Lane 3). This last cell line expresses a considerable amount o ...
... mixed population was tested by Western blot for the expression of the receptor. Fig. 1C shows the levels of expression in the parental (Lane 1) and transduced cell lines, either with an empty vector (Lane 2) or with the WT IGF-IR vector (Lane 3). This last cell line expresses a considerable amount o ...
Microtubules and the Evolution of Mitosis
... animal counterpart. This divergence involves a fundamentally different organization with microtubule arrays, which are specific to higher plants, such as cortical microtubules or the phragmoplast. On the other hand, centrioles, which are central organizers of microtubules in cells of animals and lowe ...
... animal counterpart. This divergence involves a fundamentally different organization with microtubule arrays, which are specific to higher plants, such as cortical microtubules or the phragmoplast. On the other hand, centrioles, which are central organizers of microtubules in cells of animals and lowe ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Mechanisms of pattern formation in development
... previously established pattern to cause the formation of threedimensional tissues and organs. As described in detail below, morphogenetic mechanisms change the spatial distribution of cells without changing cell states. Morphogenetic and inductive mechanism act at all stages of development. Inductiv ...
... previously established pattern to cause the formation of threedimensional tissues and organs. As described in detail below, morphogenetic mechanisms change the spatial distribution of cells without changing cell states. Morphogenetic and inductive mechanism act at all stages of development. Inductiv ...
Biotic and abiotic elicitors induce biosynthesis and accumulation of
... was removed by centrifugation (4000 rpm, 15 min) and the extracts were concentrated by evaporation and used for further analysis. Calibration and determination of trans-resveratrol concentration using the HPLC analysis The resveratrol compound used for further HPLC analysis was dissolved in methanol ...
... was removed by centrifugation (4000 rpm, 15 min) and the extracts were concentrated by evaporation and used for further analysis. Calibration and determination of trans-resveratrol concentration using the HPLC analysis The resveratrol compound used for further HPLC analysis was dissolved in methanol ...
Bronchial Epithelial Cell-Derived Prostaglandin E2 Dampens the
... Airway epithelial cells regulate immune reactivity of local dendritic cells (DCs), thus contributing to microenvironment homeostasis. In this study, we set out to identify factors that mediate this regulatory interaction. We show that tracheal epithelial cells secrete soluble factors that downregula ...
... Airway epithelial cells regulate immune reactivity of local dendritic cells (DCs), thus contributing to microenvironment homeostasis. In this study, we set out to identify factors that mediate this regulatory interaction. We show that tracheal epithelial cells secrete soluble factors that downregula ...
Cytoplasmic calcium measurements in intact higher plant cells
... taxa are compared with respect to their calcium-binding proteins and molecular mechanisms for calcium extrusion/sequestration. These have encouraged plant physiologists in their belief that in plant cells, as in animals, perturbation in the level of free calcium can act as a messenger that conveys i ...
... taxa are compared with respect to their calcium-binding proteins and molecular mechanisms for calcium extrusion/sequestration. These have encouraged plant physiologists in their belief that in plant cells, as in animals, perturbation in the level of free calcium can act as a messenger that conveys i ...
Achieving CNS axon regeneration by manipulating convergent
... intact or injured CNS/PNS elicits a threshold of cellular activation that is physiologically relevant and that can be compared to appropriate control groups. Zymosanactivated macrophages (ZAMs) can promote regeneration of injured axons (Yin et al. 2003; Steinmetz et al. 2005; Gensel et al. 2009); ho ...
... intact or injured CNS/PNS elicits a threshold of cellular activation that is physiologically relevant and that can be compared to appropriate control groups. Zymosanactivated macrophages (ZAMs) can promote regeneration of injured axons (Yin et al. 2003; Steinmetz et al. 2005; Gensel et al. 2009); ho ...
Sites of Location of Ribosomes in the Bacterial Cell
... biological research. This is the reason for the overwhelming multitude of available data and the very impressive status of overall knowledge of details (Fischer et al. 2015, Petrov et al. 2015). Nevertheless, one aspect that might need additional research is the fact that possible existing interacti ...
... biological research. This is the reason for the overwhelming multitude of available data and the very impressive status of overall knowledge of details (Fischer et al. 2015, Petrov et al. 2015). Nevertheless, one aspect that might need additional research is the fact that possible existing interacti ...
Oriented Asymmetric Divisions That Generate the
... Schnittger et al., 1999; Lee and Schiefelbein, 2000). Positional cues, which may be transmitted by intercellular signaling (Scheres, 1997), may be especially important in plants because plant cells do not usually migrate. In addition to their significance for gas exchange, stomata are a valuable sys ...
... Schnittger et al., 1999; Lee and Schiefelbein, 2000). Positional cues, which may be transmitted by intercellular signaling (Scheres, 1997), may be especially important in plants because plant cells do not usually migrate. In addition to their significance for gas exchange, stomata are a valuable sys ...
msc_botnay_pre_pap1_bl1 - Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open
... cell. The surfaces of plant and bacterial cells exhibit many of these same properties, but they also exhibit a few unique features that are not shared by the cells of animals. Plant cell walls provide a supporting framework for intact plants. In addition to providing mechanical support & strength fo ...
... cell. The surfaces of plant and bacterial cells exhibit many of these same properties, but they also exhibit a few unique features that are not shared by the cells of animals. Plant cell walls provide a supporting framework for intact plants. In addition to providing mechanical support & strength fo ...
LIFEPAC® 10th Grade Science Unit 8 Worktext - HomeSchool
... seed and watched it germinate and produce a seedling that grew into a mature plant? One of the more obvious changes that take place in the development of most plants and animals ...
... seed and watched it germinate and produce a seedling that grew into a mature plant? One of the more obvious changes that take place in the development of most plants and animals ...
lncreased Expression of Vacuolar Aquaporin and H+
... Mimosa pudica, or of the stamens of Mahonia spp. change their volume very rapidly using water exchange with surrounding cells. During the last few years it has become clear that water flux across biological membranes occurs not only through the lipid bilayer but also across specific proteins, the aq ...
... Mimosa pudica, or of the stamens of Mahonia spp. change their volume very rapidly using water exchange with surrounding cells. During the last few years it has become clear that water flux across biological membranes occurs not only through the lipid bilayer but also across specific proteins, the aq ...
The immunological synapse: a focal point for endocytosis and
... The precise site of signaling events leading to immune synapse formation has been controversial (for review see Dustin, 2009). Early signaling events have been shown to occur in peripheral microclusters in the pSMAC that coalesce into the cSMAC in both T and B cell synapses (Campi et al., 2005; Yoko ...
... The precise site of signaling events leading to immune synapse formation has been controversial (for review see Dustin, 2009). Early signaling events have been shown to occur in peripheral microclusters in the pSMAC that coalesce into the cSMAC in both T and B cell synapses (Campi et al., 2005; Yoko ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).