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... a model based on the antagonistic role of auxin and cytokinin [58] reproduced visual and kinematic observations, such as the expected increase and decrease in the size of the meristem upon addition of auxin and cytokinin [59]. This suggests that a cross talk between these two hormones is essential f ...
... a model based on the antagonistic role of auxin and cytokinin [58] reproduced visual and kinematic observations, such as the expected increase and decrease in the size of the meristem upon addition of auxin and cytokinin [59]. This suggests that a cross talk between these two hormones is essential f ...
Choose your fate: artery, vein or lymphatic vessel?
... initiates Prox1 expression in those progenitors remains elusive. Prox1 activity is necessary and sufficient to promote lymphatic endothelial fate in otherwise blood vascular endothelial cells [39]. VEGF-C, which regulates lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation via its association with VEGFR-3 [40– ...
... initiates Prox1 expression in those progenitors remains elusive. Prox1 activity is necessary and sufficient to promote lymphatic endothelial fate in otherwise blood vascular endothelial cells [39]. VEGF-C, which regulates lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation via its association with VEGFR-3 [40– ...
Lecture 9 - Fatty Acid Metabolism
... Preformed fatty acid uptake Long-chain FA taken up by the mammary gland are imported from plasma: Released from circulating lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase NEFA bound to albumin ...
... Preformed fatty acid uptake Long-chain FA taken up by the mammary gland are imported from plasma: Released from circulating lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase NEFA bound to albumin ...
Ezrin NH2-Terminal Domain Inhibits the Cell
... the cooperative action of ERM proteins in microvilli formation. Moreover, cells lacking ezrin were affected in cell adhesion properties, a result that correlated with the observation that ERM molecules interacted with the hyaluronan receptor CIM4 (Tsukita et al., 1994). Expression of a protein in in ...
... the cooperative action of ERM proteins in microvilli formation. Moreover, cells lacking ezrin were affected in cell adhesion properties, a result that correlated with the observation that ERM molecules interacted with the hyaluronan receptor CIM4 (Tsukita et al., 1994). Expression of a protein in in ...
CHAPTER 3: Early tissue patterning is recreated by MEFs in... Figure 5: Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of MEFs cultured in
... Furthermore, it is known that organized chondrogenic commitment is preceded by the expression of some set of transcription factors, such as Sox9. Thus, we studied the presence and localization of the transcription factors Sox9, a key transcription factor in early chondrogenesis [66], and immunostain ...
... Furthermore, it is known that organized chondrogenic commitment is preceded by the expression of some set of transcription factors, such as Sox9. Thus, we studied the presence and localization of the transcription factors Sox9, a key transcription factor in early chondrogenesis [66], and immunostain ...
Tetherin Inhibits HIV-1 Release by Directly Tethering Virions to Cells
... that are discontinuous with host cell membranes (Neil et al., 2006, 2007). While particles accumulate both in endosomes and at the plasma membrane, endosomal accumulation is the result of internalization of virions that were initially trapped at the cell surface and is not required for their retenti ...
... that are discontinuous with host cell membranes (Neil et al., 2006, 2007). While particles accumulate both in endosomes and at the plasma membrane, endosomal accumulation is the result of internalization of virions that were initially trapped at the cell surface and is not required for their retenti ...
To read this - MHE Research Foundation
... 10 (5,6). Individuals affected with MHE often undergo multiple surgeries (sometimes greater than 20) to remove symptomatic osteochondromas or address deformities, most during childhood and adolescence (7). The majority of MHE cases are caused by loss-of-function mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 (8,9). Thes ...
... 10 (5,6). Individuals affected with MHE often undergo multiple surgeries (sometimes greater than 20) to remove symptomatic osteochondromas or address deformities, most during childhood and adolescence (7). The majority of MHE cases are caused by loss-of-function mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 (8,9). Thes ...
4-3. Cell wall structure of E. coli and B. subtilis
... teichoic acid and teichuronic acid, but the latter is only produced under phosphate-limiting conditions [1, 4]. Lipoteichoic acid is a high glycerolphosphate-containing material that is anchored into the membrane by one end. Anionic polymers make up 35% to 60% of the entire dry weight of the vegetat ...
... teichoic acid and teichuronic acid, but the latter is only produced under phosphate-limiting conditions [1, 4]. Lipoteichoic acid is a high glycerolphosphate-containing material that is anchored into the membrane by one end. Anionic polymers make up 35% to 60% of the entire dry weight of the vegetat ...
Heart regeneration
... infarcted, in species ranging from marine invertebrates to horses2,3. Why has this proven to be such a difficult challenge? The heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the body, so if there is a regenerative response, it is small in comparison to that seen in many other tissues, such as liv ...
... infarcted, in species ranging from marine invertebrates to horses2,3. Why has this proven to be such a difficult challenge? The heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the body, so if there is a regenerative response, it is small in comparison to that seen in many other tissues, such as liv ...
Aphidicolin-Induced Nuclear Elongation in Tobacco BY
... nuclei of tobacco BY-2 cells were highly elongated on long-term treatment with 5 mg l1 aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA polymerase a. In aphidicolin-treated cells, the nuclear length was correlated with the cell length. During culture in the presence of aphidicolin, the nuclei were elongated in par ...
... nuclei of tobacco BY-2 cells were highly elongated on long-term treatment with 5 mg l1 aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA polymerase a. In aphidicolin-treated cells, the nuclear length was correlated with the cell length. During culture in the presence of aphidicolin, the nuclei were elongated in par ...
Multiscale Systems Analysis of Root Growth and
... Communication between cells is essential to ensure that cell growth and development are coordinated to form a wellstructured, patterned tissue. In plants, such communication often involves mobile transcription factors or hormones, which move between adjacent cells and interact with their signaling n ...
... Communication between cells is essential to ensure that cell growth and development are coordinated to form a wellstructured, patterned tissue. In plants, such communication often involves mobile transcription factors or hormones, which move between adjacent cells and interact with their signaling n ...
jxb.oxfordjournals.org
... AtGRF gene targets in 35S:miR396a and 35S:miR396b plants were all decreased (Supplementary Fig. S1J), indicating that miR396 negatively regulates the cell proliferation in leaves by repressing the expression of AtGRF genes, consistent with reported results (Liu et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2010). ...
... AtGRF gene targets in 35S:miR396a and 35S:miR396b plants were all decreased (Supplementary Fig. S1J), indicating that miR396 negatively regulates the cell proliferation in leaves by repressing the expression of AtGRF genes, consistent with reported results (Liu et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2010). ...
Characterization of proteins secreted from a Type III secretion
... and eseD genes in the wild-type strain as described growth of bacteria in the macrophages (Okuda et al. previously (Tan et al. 2005) with a slight modification 2006). However, only scant information is available on using the suicide vector plasmid, pRE112 (Okuda et al. the pathogenicity of E. tarda. ...
... and eseD genes in the wild-type strain as described growth of bacteria in the macrophages (Okuda et al. previously (Tan et al. 2005) with a slight modification 2006). However, only scant information is available on using the suicide vector plasmid, pRE112 (Okuda et al. the pathogenicity of E. tarda. ...
Influence of Deformability of Human Red Cells upon Blood Viscosity
... The viscosity of blood at high rates of shear is unusually low compared to other suspensions of similar concentration. The underlying mechanisms were studied by rotational viscometry, red cell filtration, viscometry of packed cells and direct microscopic observation of red cells under flow in a tran ...
... The viscosity of blood at high rates of shear is unusually low compared to other suspensions of similar concentration. The underlying mechanisms were studied by rotational viscometry, red cell filtration, viscometry of packed cells and direct microscopic observation of red cells under flow in a tran ...
CNS-Resident Glial Progenitor/Stem Cells Produce Schwann
... 2002), (2) remyelination can be achieved by transplanted OLPs (Zhang et al., 1999), (3) demyelinating lesions are repopulated by OLPs prior to the appearance of remyelinating oligodendrocytes (Sim et al., 2002b), and (4) cells expressing molecular markers of both OLPs and oligodendrocytes can be ide ...
... 2002), (2) remyelination can be achieved by transplanted OLPs (Zhang et al., 1999), (3) demyelinating lesions are repopulated by OLPs prior to the appearance of remyelinating oligodendrocytes (Sim et al., 2002b), and (4) cells expressing molecular markers of both OLPs and oligodendrocytes can be ide ...
the emerging significance of cAMP efflux a
... Taking into account that cAMP may function as an extracellular signaling molecule, it is possible to assume that, by stimulating AC enzymes, all GsPCRs may have significant impact on cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine signaling. Actually, by studying the contribution of cAMP efflux and the extr ...
... Taking into account that cAMP may function as an extracellular signaling molecule, it is possible to assume that, by stimulating AC enzymes, all GsPCRs may have significant impact on cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine signaling. Actually, by studying the contribution of cAMP efflux and the extr ...
GFP-tagging of cell components reveals the dynamics of subcellular
... with cytochalasins and microtubule polymerization and depolymerization inhibitors permitted the non-pathogen Erysiphe pisi to penetrate barley coleoptile cells and form haustoria and secondary hyphae (Kobayashi et al., 1997a). These results indicated that the cytoskeleton may play an important role ...
... with cytochalasins and microtubule polymerization and depolymerization inhibitors permitted the non-pathogen Erysiphe pisi to penetrate barley coleoptile cells and form haustoria and secondary hyphae (Kobayashi et al., 1997a). These results indicated that the cytoskeleton may play an important role ...
New type of snRNP containing nuclear bodies in plant cells
... In contrast to numerous examples of the spatial relation of CB with the nucleolus which is described in both mammalian cells (Raška et al., 1990; Ochs et al., 1994; Malatesta et al., 1994a) and in plant cells (Beven et al., 1995; Wróbel and Smoliński, 2003) the bizonal bodies of larch microspores r ...
... In contrast to numerous examples of the spatial relation of CB with the nucleolus which is described in both mammalian cells (Raška et al., 1990; Ochs et al., 1994; Malatesta et al., 1994a) and in plant cells (Beven et al., 1995; Wróbel and Smoliński, 2003) the bizonal bodies of larch microspores r ...
Phospholipase D Activation Correlates with Microtubule
... In some cases, evidence for PA stimulating the downstream responses also was provided (Munnik, 2001). In general, PA is thought to work by binding target proteins downstream in the signaling cascade. Binding may activate these components directly or indirectly by concentrating them at membrane loci ...
... In some cases, evidence for PA stimulating the downstream responses also was provided (Munnik, 2001). In general, PA is thought to work by binding target proteins downstream in the signaling cascade. Binding may activate these components directly or indirectly by concentrating them at membrane loci ...
analysis of the significance of a periodic, cell size
... synthesis at points in their cell cycles when they have very similar protein contents per cell (Fraser & Nurse, 19786). Similarly, the 2 haploid strains have similar protein contents per cell when they double their rates of poly(A)+mRNA synthesis (Fraser & Nurse, 1978 a). All 5 strains double their ...
... synthesis at points in their cell cycles when they have very similar protein contents per cell (Fraser & Nurse, 19786). Similarly, the 2 haploid strains have similar protein contents per cell when they double their rates of poly(A)+mRNA synthesis (Fraser & Nurse, 1978 a). All 5 strains double their ...
"Unusual" modifications and variations of
... PNGaseF from bovine lung, a rich source of endothelium (Norgard-Sumnicht et al., 1995). We found that sialic acids, sulfates and phosphates account only for a minority of the anionic properties of these multi-antennary complex-type chains. The majority of the negative charge appears to be due to mul ...
... PNGaseF from bovine lung, a rich source of endothelium (Norgard-Sumnicht et al., 1995). We found that sialic acids, sulfates and phosphates account only for a minority of the anionic properties of these multi-antennary complex-type chains. The majority of the negative charge appears to be due to mul ...
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells. Because multicellularity evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.The animal extracellular matrix includes the interstitial matrix and the basement membrane. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of polysaccharides and fibrous proteins fill the interstitial space and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various epithelial cells rest.The plant ECM includes cell wall components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicelluar biofilms in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).