5. the architecture of the visual cortex
... already described, the richest connections run up and down, intimately linking the different layers. Diagonal and side-to-side connections generally run for 1or 2 millimeters, although a few travel up to 4 or 5 millimeters. This limitation in lateral spread of information has profound consequences. ...
... already described, the richest connections run up and down, intimately linking the different layers. Diagonal and side-to-side connections generally run for 1or 2 millimeters, although a few travel up to 4 or 5 millimeters. This limitation in lateral spread of information has profound consequences. ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... The superior colliculus is a structure of alternating gray cellular and white (axonal) layers lying on the roof of the midbrain. Retinal ganglion cells project directly to the superficial layers and form a map of the contralateral visual field. Cells in the superficial layers in turn project through ...
... The superior colliculus is a structure of alternating gray cellular and white (axonal) layers lying on the roof of the midbrain. Retinal ganglion cells project directly to the superficial layers and form a map of the contralateral visual field. Cells in the superficial layers in turn project through ...
Time Related Effects on Functional Brain Connectivity After
... rate, and baseline measurements as covariates. Although both compounds did not change cognitive performance on several tests, significant effects were found on connectivity with multiple resting state networks. Serotonergic stimulation primarily reduced connectivity with the sensorimotor network and ...
... rate, and baseline measurements as covariates. Although both compounds did not change cognitive performance on several tests, significant effects were found on connectivity with multiple resting state networks. Serotonergic stimulation primarily reduced connectivity with the sensorimotor network and ...
Single-Neuron Responses in Humans during Execution and
... temporal lobe (MTL). Connections such as the uncinate fasciculus and other cortico-cortical white matter tracts between the MTL and motor regions in the frontal lobe exist [27–31]. Although there is some evidence for responses in the hippocampus during voluntary actions [32], unlike SMA, lesions in ...
... temporal lobe (MTL). Connections such as the uncinate fasciculus and other cortico-cortical white matter tracts between the MTL and motor regions in the frontal lobe exist [27–31]. Although there is some evidence for responses in the hippocampus during voluntary actions [32], unlike SMA, lesions in ...
Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in
... [⫺16 ⫺24 ⫺4], T ⫽ 2.66, P ⫽ 0.006 uncorrected). Although not hypothesized a priori, activation was also detected in the right primary sensorimotor and premotor cortices, parahippocampal gyrus, and left anterior cingulate cortex. These latter activations are reported for completeness. DISCUSSION Meth ...
... [⫺16 ⫺24 ⫺4], T ⫽ 2.66, P ⫽ 0.006 uncorrected). Although not hypothesized a priori, activation was also detected in the right primary sensorimotor and premotor cortices, parahippocampal gyrus, and left anterior cingulate cortex. These latter activations are reported for completeness. DISCUSSION Meth ...
The Information Processing Mechanism of the Brain
... and the simplified mechanism shows the fundamental properties of pattern processing. These form the core of the here presented hypothesis. The properties are phenomena which represent a new paradigm of scientific thinking. They are somewhat counterintuitive, which can explain why a theory of the ope ...
... and the simplified mechanism shows the fundamental properties of pattern processing. These form the core of the here presented hypothesis. The properties are phenomena which represent a new paradigm of scientific thinking. They are somewhat counterintuitive, which can explain why a theory of the ope ...
Decoding a Temporal Population Code
... The processing of sensory events by the brain requires the encoding of information in an internal state. This internal state can be represented by the brain using a spatial code, a temporal code, or a combination of both. For further processing, however, this encoded information requires decoding at ...
... The processing of sensory events by the brain requires the encoding of information in an internal state. This internal state can be represented by the brain using a spatial code, a temporal code, or a combination of both. For further processing, however, this encoded information requires decoding at ...
remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and
... However, naturally acquired autobiographical memories di¡er from memories of standardized stimuli in important ways. Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive patterns of brain activation and may have particular value in assessing clinical disorders of memory. This study used f ...
... However, naturally acquired autobiographical memories di¡er from memories of standardized stimuli in important ways. Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive patterns of brain activation and may have particular value in assessing clinical disorders of memory. This study used f ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... relayed along the optic nerve. The primary visual pathway from the optic nerves to the cerebral cortex passes through the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex (V1 or striate cortex) in the occipital lobes at the posterior of the brain. In thinking abou ...
... relayed along the optic nerve. The primary visual pathway from the optic nerves to the cerebral cortex passes through the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex (V1 or striate cortex) in the occipital lobes at the posterior of the brain. In thinking abou ...
Mechanisms underlying working memory for novel information
... memory emphasized the role of prefrontal and parietal cortices, and most studies were carried out using highly familiar stimuli, including letters, words, simple objects and spatial locations [26]. Surprisingly, these early fMRI studies of working memory did not report activity within parahippocampa ...
... memory emphasized the role of prefrontal and parietal cortices, and most studies were carried out using highly familiar stimuli, including letters, words, simple objects and spatial locations [26]. Surprisingly, these early fMRI studies of working memory did not report activity within parahippocampa ...
Horizontal Interactions in Cat Striate Cortex: 1. Anatomical Substrate
... FB was dissolved at a concentration of 5 % in distilled water, DY at a concentration of 2% in distilled water and FG was dissolved at a concentration of 3 % in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) and injected in amounts of 500 nl. RBs were applied via Hamilton syringe in amounts of 100 nl. In most cases the ...
... FB was dissolved at a concentration of 5 % in distilled water, DY at a concentration of 2% in distilled water and FG was dissolved at a concentration of 3 % in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) and injected in amounts of 500 nl. RBs were applied via Hamilton syringe in amounts of 100 nl. In most cases the ...
J Neurophysiol - University of Connecticut
... but the population showed no directional bias. Binaural preferences differed in their relative proportions, most notably an increased prevalence of excitatory contralateral-only cells in cortex (40%) versus thalamus (23%), indicating a reorganization of this parameter. By comparing simultaneously al ...
... but the population showed no directional bias. Binaural preferences differed in their relative proportions, most notably an increased prevalence of excitatory contralateral-only cells in cortex (40%) versus thalamus (23%), indicating a reorganization of this parameter. By comparing simultaneously al ...
The limbic system
... The medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a key structure in the central control of male sexual behavior. Chemosensory efferents from the main and accessory olfactory systems project to the medial amygdala (MeA). MeA sends direct and indirect innervations (through the bed nucleus of the stria ...
... The medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a key structure in the central control of male sexual behavior. Chemosensory efferents from the main and accessory olfactory systems project to the medial amygdala (MeA). MeA sends direct and indirect innervations (through the bed nucleus of the stria ...
connect_review_20150316 - Royal Holloway, University of London
... manipulation and are typically of most interest. For example, a category-specific modulation of a directed connection can demonstrate that one area “causes” its connected area to have a category-sensitive response. These measures are “causal” in the sense that they are directed, where the influence ...
... manipulation and are typically of most interest. For example, a category-specific modulation of a directed connection can demonstrate that one area “causes” its connected area to have a category-sensitive response. These measures are “causal” in the sense that they are directed, where the influence ...
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging
... been implicated in psychiatric disorders that involve inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses to stimuli. The best example is that of obsessive compulsive disorder (Rauch et al., 1994; Breiter and Rauch, 1996; Zald and Kim, 1996), but post-traumatic stress disorder (Semple et al., 1993), di ...
... been implicated in psychiatric disorders that involve inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses to stimuli. The best example is that of obsessive compulsive disorder (Rauch et al., 1994; Breiter and Rauch, 1996; Zald and Kim, 1996), but post-traumatic stress disorder (Semple et al., 1993), di ...
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical
... Emotional valence refers to the intrinsic attractiveness ( positive emotional valence) or aversiveness (negative emotional valence) of a given object (or event) and applies across sensory domains such that, for instance, unpleasant smells and sad facial expressions are negatively valenced while plea ...
... Emotional valence refers to the intrinsic attractiveness ( positive emotional valence) or aversiveness (negative emotional valence) of a given object (or event) and applies across sensory domains such that, for instance, unpleasant smells and sad facial expressions are negatively valenced while plea ...
Basal Forebrain Projections to Somatosensory Cortex in
... 2. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cortical areas 3a, 3b, and 1 after a 36 to 48-h survival period, labeled neurons in the basal forebrain. The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons was compared with the distribution of cells labeled by choline acetyltransferase immunocytochem ...
... 2. Injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cortical areas 3a, 3b, and 1 after a 36 to 48-h survival period, labeled neurons in the basal forebrain. The distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons was compared with the distribution of cells labeled by choline acetyltransferase immunocytochem ...
The rhinal cortices: a wall of inhibition between the
... interest. Ultimately, this replay would lead to long-term synaptic changes that reinforce selective connections within associative cortical networks (Pennartz et al., 2002; Buzsáki, 1989). Although, evidence of replay was obtained in the hippocampus, proof that these signals reach the neocortex is ...
... interest. Ultimately, this replay would lead to long-term synaptic changes that reinforce selective connections within associative cortical networks (Pennartz et al., 2002; Buzsáki, 1989). Although, evidence of replay was obtained in the hippocampus, proof that these signals reach the neocortex is ...
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of
... Galati et al., 2000; Vallar et al., 1999). The partial overlap of these activations with activations common to 1PP and 3PP might suggest that these parietal regions are involved in more general processes of perspective taking. From a clinical viewpoint, lesions of right posterior parietal cortex may ...
... Galati et al., 2000; Vallar et al., 1999). The partial overlap of these activations with activations common to 1PP and 3PP might suggest that these parietal regions are involved in more general processes of perspective taking. From a clinical viewpoint, lesions of right posterior parietal cortex may ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... In the first paper of the 1963 triple back-to-back series (Wiesel and Hubel 1963a), one eyelid of kittens was sutured closed just before eye opening. The kittens were reared in this monocularly deprived condition until they were 3 months old, at which time electrophysiological analyses of afferent r ...
... In the first paper of the 1963 triple back-to-back series (Wiesel and Hubel 1963a), one eyelid of kittens was sutured closed just before eye opening. The kittens were reared in this monocularly deprived condition until they were 3 months old, at which time electrophysiological analyses of afferent r ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
Neuropsychologia Hippocampal activation during episodic and
... and episodic retrieval, although the level of activation was greater for episodic events. Duzel et al. (1999) also matched conditions carefully in a 2 × 2 design crossing semantic living/nonliving judgments with recognition old/new judgments. In contrast to Maguire and Mummery’s (1999) results, howe ...
... and episodic retrieval, although the level of activation was greater for episodic events. Duzel et al. (1999) also matched conditions carefully in a 2 × 2 design crossing semantic living/nonliving judgments with recognition old/new judgments. In contrast to Maguire and Mummery’s (1999) results, howe ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. This modulation by the extra classical receptive field signals contextual information to the cell wh ...
... such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. This modulation by the extra classical receptive field signals contextual information to the cell wh ...
Structural divisions and functional fields in the human cerebral cortex 1
... microstructural variables, such as neuron densities, neurotransmitter receptor densities, enzyme densities, etc. Because of the inter-individual variations of extent and topography of microstructurally defined areas, the final microstructurally defined areas appear as population maps. In the functio ...
... microstructural variables, such as neuron densities, neurotransmitter receptor densities, enzyme densities, etc. Because of the inter-individual variations of extent and topography of microstructurally defined areas, the final microstructurally defined areas appear as population maps. In the functio ...
Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... Dorsal and ventral areas on the lateral PFC • The dorsal PFC areas interconnect more with the dorsal pathway in the posterior cortex, while ventral PFC interconnects with the ventral posterior cortex pathway. • The dorsal pathway in posterior cortex is specialized for perception-foraction (How proc ...
... Dorsal and ventral areas on the lateral PFC • The dorsal PFC areas interconnect more with the dorsal pathway in the posterior cortex, while ventral PFC interconnects with the ventral posterior cortex pathway. • The dorsal pathway in posterior cortex is specialized for perception-foraction (How proc ...
Inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers.The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the temporal lobe located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the inferior temporal gyrus - otherwise referenced as IT cortex - is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system. The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe. The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our field of vision, and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the occipital lobe. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the “what” from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.The IT cortex’s neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the visual field, difficulties with perceptual tasks and spatial awareness, and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex’s relation to memory.