Heterogeneity of GABAergic Cells in Cat Visual Cortex
... 10% of a saturated HgCl, solution, followed by postfixation for 48 hr at room temperature; and (4) 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.15 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.002% CaCl,, with 1 hr of postfixation in the same fixative; the pH was then raised to 10 by the addition of NaOH. The brain w ...
... 10% of a saturated HgCl, solution, followed by postfixation for 48 hr at room temperature; and (4) 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.15 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.002% CaCl,, with 1 hr of postfixation in the same fixative; the pH was then raised to 10 by the addition of NaOH. The brain w ...
How Simple Cells Are Made in a Nonlinear Network Model of the
... striate cortex, and the cortical network itself, are highly nonlinear. Although simple cells are vital for visual perception, there has been no satisfactory explanation of how they are produced in the cortex. To examine this question, we have developed a large-scale neuronal network model of layer 4 ...
... striate cortex, and the cortical network itself, are highly nonlinear. Although simple cells are vital for visual perception, there has been no satisfactory explanation of how they are produced in the cortex. To examine this question, we have developed a large-scale neuronal network model of layer 4 ...
Neuroimaging Studies of Memory. In Encyclopedia of the
... most compelling evidence that procedural knowledge is different from declarative knowledge is that patients with damage to their hippocampi and surrounding medial temporal lobes can learn new procedural skills, even though they cannot encode where they learned the skill or remember any details of ha ...
... most compelling evidence that procedural knowledge is different from declarative knowledge is that patients with damage to their hippocampi and surrounding medial temporal lobes can learn new procedural skills, even though they cannot encode where they learned the skill or remember any details of ha ...
Models of Information Processing in the Visual Cortex
... understand how the visual system works, instead of models of data that are trying to be biologically accurate. We do so, because science is yet to provide a full understanding of the brain, thus it is not possible to propose accurate overall models of data. The chapter rather gives an overview of di ...
... understand how the visual system works, instead of models of data that are trying to be biologically accurate. We do so, because science is yet to provide a full understanding of the brain, thus it is not possible to propose accurate overall models of data. The chapter rather gives an overview of di ...
Supplementary Information (doc 1146K)
... included in each round of cross-validation, and then among these features, features were sorted by absolute value of the average SVM weight. ...
... included in each round of cross-validation, and then among these features, features were sorted by absolute value of the average SVM weight. ...
Vision`s First Steps: Anatomy, Physiology, and Perception in the
... The retina has the shape of a bowl (about 0.4 mm thick in adult humans). It is a well organized structure with three main layers (called the nuclear layers) of neuronal bodies. These main layers are separated by two other layers containing synapses made by axons and dendrites (called the plexiform l ...
... The retina has the shape of a bowl (about 0.4 mm thick in adult humans). It is a well organized structure with three main layers (called the nuclear layers) of neuronal bodies. These main layers are separated by two other layers containing synapses made by axons and dendrites (called the plexiform l ...
12 - Chemistry
... • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take ...
... • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take ...
Cerebral cortex and the clinical expression of
... The clinical phenotype of Huntington’s disease (HD) is far more complex and variable than depictions of it as a progressive movement disorder dominated by neostriatal pathology represent.The availability of novel neuroimaging methods has enabled us to evaluate cerebral cortical changes in HD, which ...
... The clinical phenotype of Huntington’s disease (HD) is far more complex and variable than depictions of it as a progressive movement disorder dominated by neostriatal pathology represent.The availability of novel neuroimaging methods has enabled us to evaluate cerebral cortical changes in HD, which ...
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... the basic functions of anterior cingulate cortex in primates. These data show that the source of cortical dopaminergic input comes from cell bodies located in the ventral midbrain, which in behaving monkeys respond when the animal receives a reward or a reward-associated signal.18 These dopaminergic ...
... the basic functions of anterior cingulate cortex in primates. These data show that the source of cortical dopaminergic input comes from cell bodies located in the ventral midbrain, which in behaving monkeys respond when the animal receives a reward or a reward-associated signal.18 These dopaminergic ...
Is neocortex essentially multisensory?
... perception and cognition into unimodal components. That is, the neurobiological data reviewed here suggest that focusing solely on unisensory processes will continue to provide us only with an impoverished view of both brain and behavior. The recent recognition of this fact by many scientists has le ...
... perception and cognition into unimodal components. That is, the neurobiological data reviewed here suggest that focusing solely on unisensory processes will continue to provide us only with an impoverished view of both brain and behavior. The recent recognition of this fact by many scientists has le ...
Document
... The effects of cluttered environments are investigated on the performance of a hierarchical multilayer model of invariant object recognition in the visual system (VisNet) that employs learning rules that utilise a trace of previous neural activity. This class of model relies on the spatio-temporal s ...
... The effects of cluttered environments are investigated on the performance of a hierarchical multilayer model of invariant object recognition in the visual system (VisNet) that employs learning rules that utilise a trace of previous neural activity. This class of model relies on the spatio-temporal s ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... and must not be confounded with responses to other, nearby stimuli. Such selection of related responses could be achieved by synchronizing the respective discharges at a time scale of milliseconds, as this would selectively and jointly enhance their saliency. This hypothesis predicts that a given se ...
... and must not be confounded with responses to other, nearby stimuli. Such selection of related responses could be achieved by synchronizing the respective discharges at a time scale of milliseconds, as this would selectively and jointly enhance their saliency. This hypothesis predicts that a given se ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... 14 (18) or area insularis prima - I (I), while it is named area orbitalis tertia (ORB 111) and area sylvia interna (SI) according the myeloarchitectonic division (34, 36). However, the cortex of the anterior sylvian gyms is regarded as the insular (1) or temporal area (36). The projection area descr ...
... 14 (18) or area insularis prima - I (I), while it is named area orbitalis tertia (ORB 111) and area sylvia interna (SI) according the myeloarchitectonic division (34, 36). However, the cortex of the anterior sylvian gyms is regarded as the insular (1) or temporal area (36). The projection area descr ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... that action understanding takes place in the ventral part of the dorsal stream (Rizzolatti and Matelli 2003), others claim that actions are fully recognized and categorized outside the motor system, in the ventral stream (Mahon and Caramazza 2008). In order to further investigate the relative contri ...
... that action understanding takes place in the ventral part of the dorsal stream (Rizzolatti and Matelli 2003), others claim that actions are fully recognized and categorized outside the motor system, in the ventral stream (Mahon and Caramazza 2008). In order to further investigate the relative contri ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... connections of identified clusters of color-selective cells in monkey IT cortex. We found that a color cluster in AIT received projections from a color cluster in PIT as well as from discrete clusters of cells in other occipitotemporal areas, in the superior temporal sulcus, and in prefrontal and pa ...
... connections of identified clusters of color-selective cells in monkey IT cortex. We found that a color cluster in AIT received projections from a color cluster in PIT as well as from discrete clusters of cells in other occipitotemporal areas, in the superior temporal sulcus, and in prefrontal and pa ...
Computational Constraints that may have Favoured the Lamination
... a layer of granule cells sandwiched between two layers of pyramidal cells. The functional significance of this major qualitative step in evolution, which likely appeared at the transition from reptiles to mammals and was retained ever since, remains mysterious. Neuroscientists have speculated about ...
... a layer of granule cells sandwiched between two layers of pyramidal cells. The functional significance of this major qualitative step in evolution, which likely appeared at the transition from reptiles to mammals and was retained ever since, remains mysterious. Neuroscientists have speculated about ...
Power Shifts Track Serial Position and Modulate Encoding in
... neural recordings taken during the encoding phase of a learning task can be used to identify differences in the way the brain processes of early and later list items. Recent human neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording studies have shed considerable light on the neural correlates of memory ...
... neural recordings taken during the encoding phase of a learning task can be used to identify differences in the way the brain processes of early and later list items. Recent human neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording studies have shed considerable light on the neural correlates of memory ...
Pituitary Gland Functional Connectivity and BMI by Paige Rucker A
... levels of ghrelin (hormone signifying hunger) two hours preceding mealtime (Drazen et al. 2005). These levels peaked half an hour before the fixed mealtime, showing ghrelin secretion can be a response to a learned anticipation. Visual cues, smells, textures, social cues, and many other brain process ...
... levels of ghrelin (hormone signifying hunger) two hours preceding mealtime (Drazen et al. 2005). These levels peaked half an hour before the fixed mealtime, showing ghrelin secretion can be a response to a learned anticipation. Visual cues, smells, textures, social cues, and many other brain process ...
Lec #10_Central Vis - Biology Courses Server
... – Striate cortex: Orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and binocularity – Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e.g., Faces Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... – Striate cortex: Orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and binocularity – Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e.g., Faces Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... Making predictions about future rewards is an important ability for primates, and its neurophysiological mechanisms have been studied extensively. One important approach is to identify neural systems that process errors related to reward prediction (i.e., areas that register the occurrence of unpred ...
... Making predictions about future rewards is an important ability for primates, and its neurophysiological mechanisms have been studied extensively. One important approach is to identify neural systems that process errors related to reward prediction (i.e., areas that register the occurrence of unpred ...
Fact vs fiction—how paratextual information
... fiction) as compared to another (reading facts). The mPFC also constitutes one key region in the text comprehension network (Ferstl and von Cramon, 2002; Ferstl et al., 2008) and a meta-analysis by Mar (2011) revealed a functional overlap in the right mPFC between ToM stories and narrative comprehen ...
... fiction) as compared to another (reading facts). The mPFC also constitutes one key region in the text comprehension network (Ferstl and von Cramon, 2002; Ferstl et al., 2008) and a meta-analysis by Mar (2011) revealed a functional overlap in the right mPFC between ToM stories and narrative comprehen ...
Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Technique review and Models
... 1.2.2. High spatial resolution for brain mapping One domain of application of the VSDI, as other brain functional imaging, is brain mapping. Indeed, VSDI allows to build high-resolution functional maps, such as orientation or ocular-dominance maps (Shoham et al. (1999); Grinvald et al. (1999); Slovi ...
... 1.2.2. High spatial resolution for brain mapping One domain of application of the VSDI, as other brain functional imaging, is brain mapping. Indeed, VSDI allows to build high-resolution functional maps, such as orientation or ocular-dominance maps (Shoham et al. (1999); Grinvald et al. (1999); Slovi ...
Neural networks engaged in milliseconds and seconds time
... tasks has been reported in patients with lesions of the cerebellum in the range of both milliseconds and a few seconds (Ivry et al. 1988; Nichelli et al. 1996; Mangels et al. 1998). Malapani et al. (1998a,b), using a peak interval procedure, reported that the variability of time estimates increased ...
... tasks has been reported in patients with lesions of the cerebellum in the range of both milliseconds and a few seconds (Ivry et al. 1988; Nichelli et al. 1996; Mangels et al. 1998). Malapani et al. (1998a,b), using a peak interval procedure, reported that the variability of time estimates increased ...
Comparison of Quantities: Core and Format
... standard template. During normalization, the functional volumes were resampled to a 3 3 3 3 3--mm3 resolution. Last, functional images were smoothed using an isotropic Gaussian kernel (full-width at halfmaximum = 8 mm). Functional data were subjected to a general linear model analysis as implemented ...
... standard template. During normalization, the functional volumes were resampled to a 3 3 3 3 3--mm3 resolution. Last, functional images were smoothed using an isotropic Gaussian kernel (full-width at halfmaximum = 8 mm). Functional data were subjected to a general linear model analysis as implemented ...
Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex
... The control of spatial memory in the human cerebral cortex was recently reviewed [32]. The memory-guided saccade paradigm is commonly used to study this function with eye movements. In this paradigm, the participant has to memorize the location of a target flashed in the peripheral visual field while ...
... The control of spatial memory in the human cerebral cortex was recently reviewed [32]. The memory-guided saccade paradigm is commonly used to study this function with eye movements. In this paradigm, the participant has to memorize the location of a target flashed in the peripheral visual field while ...
Inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers.The inferior temporal gyrus is the anterior region of the temporal lobe located underneath the central temporal sulcus. The primary function of the inferior temporal gyrus - otherwise referenced as IT cortex - is associated with visual stimuli processing, namely visual object recognition, and has been suggested by recent experimental results as the final location of the ventral cortical visual system. The IT cortex in humans is also known as the Inferior Temporal Gyrus since it has been located to a specific region of the human temporal lobe. The IT processes visual stimuli of objects in our field of vision, and is involved with memory and memory recall to identify that object; it is involved with the processing and perception created by visual stimuli amplified in the V1, V2, V3, and V4 regions of the occipital lobe. This region processes the color and form of the object in the visual field and is responsible for producing the “what” from this visual stimuli, or in other words identifying the object based on the color and form of the object and comparing that processed information to stored memories of objects to identify that object.The IT cortex’s neurological significance is not just its contribution to the processing of visual stimuli in object recognition but also has been found to be a vital area with regards to simple processing of the visual field, difficulties with perceptual tasks and spatial awareness, and the location of unique single cells that possibly explain the IT cortex’s relation to memory.