H - Knockhardy
... contains a copper(II) complex ion giving a blue solution on warming, it will oxidise aliphatic (but not aromatic) aldehydes the copper(II) is reduced to copper(I) a red precipitate of copper(I) oxide, Cu2O, is formed ...
... contains a copper(II) complex ion giving a blue solution on warming, it will oxidise aliphatic (but not aromatic) aldehydes the copper(II) is reduced to copper(I) a red precipitate of copper(I) oxide, Cu2O, is formed ...
Aromatic Compounds
... Aromatic rings can be sulfonated in the laboratory by reaction with fuming sulfuric acid, a mixture of H2SO4 and SO3 • The reactive electrophile is either HSO3+ or neutral SO3 • Substitution occurs by the same two-step mechanism seen for bromination and nitration • Aromatic sulfonation does not occu ...
... Aromatic rings can be sulfonated in the laboratory by reaction with fuming sulfuric acid, a mixture of H2SO4 and SO3 • The reactive electrophile is either HSO3+ or neutral SO3 • Substitution occurs by the same two-step mechanism seen for bromination and nitration • Aromatic sulfonation does not occu ...
Exam 3 Answer Key
... 3. (8) For a chiral compound (A), with 5 chiral centers, typically there will be 32 (a #) stereoisomers possible, unless one of these is a meso compound, where there are 2n -1 stereoisomers. A stereoisomer differing at only 4 chiral centers from compound (A) would be a(n) diastereoisomer of (A). If ...
... 3. (8) For a chiral compound (A), with 5 chiral centers, typically there will be 32 (a #) stereoisomers possible, unless one of these is a meso compound, where there are 2n -1 stereoisomers. A stereoisomer differing at only 4 chiral centers from compound (A) would be a(n) diastereoisomer of (A). If ...
Carboxylic acids, esters, and other acid derivatives
... • Recall that constitutional isomers are molecules that share the same formula but differ in their atom-to-atom connectivities. • Three kinds of constitutional isomers (in the order we encountered them): – positional isomers – skeletal isomers – functional group isomers ...
... • Recall that constitutional isomers are molecules that share the same formula but differ in their atom-to-atom connectivities. • Three kinds of constitutional isomers (in the order we encountered them): – positional isomers – skeletal isomers – functional group isomers ...
carbonyl chemistry 1
... Ketones and aldehydes in aqueous or alcoholic media frequently react reversibly with the medium to form hydrates or hemiacetals a) Carbonyl + H2O + (acid or base) → ← hydrate. Slow in pure H2O! Equilibrium favors hydrate only for carbonyl compounds with electron-withdrawing groups on α-C’s, e.g. Cl3 ...
... Ketones and aldehydes in aqueous or alcoholic media frequently react reversibly with the medium to form hydrates or hemiacetals a) Carbonyl + H2O + (acid or base) → ← hydrate. Slow in pure H2O! Equilibrium favors hydrate only for carbonyl compounds with electron-withdrawing groups on α-C’s, e.g. Cl3 ...
Organic and Biochemical Molecules
... Geometric isomers of alkenes – If each sp2 C has 2 different groups attached it will have two possible orientations due the fact that pi bonds do not allow for free rotation – If each sp2 C has only one hydrogen you can classify the structure as cis or trans ...
... Geometric isomers of alkenes – If each sp2 C has 2 different groups attached it will have two possible orientations due the fact that pi bonds do not allow for free rotation – If each sp2 C has only one hydrogen you can classify the structure as cis or trans ...
Review Sheet - Phillips Scientific Methods
... similar molecular weight hydrocarbons The most important physical property of an alcohol is the polarity of the –OH group Low molecular weight alcohols will dissolve in polar solvents (water) – high molecular weight alcohols will dissolve in organic solvents but will not be water soluble Loss ...
... similar molecular weight hydrocarbons The most important physical property of an alcohol is the polarity of the –OH group Low molecular weight alcohols will dissolve in polar solvents (water) – high molecular weight alcohols will dissolve in organic solvents but will not be water soluble Loss ...
Chapter 7. Alcohols, Thiols, Phenols, Ethers
... functional groups contain two pairs of non-bonding electrons and are the cornerstone of many organic processes. The structures for alcohols, phenols, thiols, ethers and thioethers are shown below. Alkyl-OH alcohol ...
... functional groups contain two pairs of non-bonding electrons and are the cornerstone of many organic processes. The structures for alcohols, phenols, thiols, ethers and thioethers are shown below. Alkyl-OH alcohol ...
I. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Carbonyl compounds are
... A much more powerful reductant is LiAlH4, which will reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids and nitriles. Some sample reactions are shown below: ...
... A much more powerful reductant is LiAlH4, which will reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids and nitriles. Some sample reactions are shown below: ...
Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions
... Now look at Figure 8c. The compound’s ring structure contains six carbons with only single bonds, so you know that the parent hydrocarbon is cyclohexane. Because an –OH group is bonded to a carbon, it is an alcohol and the name will end in -ol. No number is necessary because all carbons in the ring ...
... Now look at Figure 8c. The compound’s ring structure contains six carbons with only single bonds, so you know that the parent hydrocarbon is cyclohexane. Because an –OH group is bonded to a carbon, it is an alcohol and the name will end in -ol. No number is necessary because all carbons in the ring ...
Chapter 20. Aldehydes and Ketones
... From cyclopentane and any other organic compounds of 3 carbons or less. ...
... From cyclopentane and any other organic compounds of 3 carbons or less. ...
Principles of Drug Action I, Spring 2004
... 7. How many different (regioisomeric and stereoisomeric) electrophilic addition products could form in the following reaction? Two regioisomers are possible by addition of OH- and Cl+ across the double bond. During addition a chiral center is created at each addition site (for each regioisomer). Thu ...
... 7. How many different (regioisomeric and stereoisomeric) electrophilic addition products could form in the following reaction? Two regioisomers are possible by addition of OH- and Cl+ across the double bond. During addition a chiral center is created at each addition site (for each regioisomer). Thu ...
Presence N-Methyl groups
... in plants available as L-hyoscyamine hyoscyamine on heating gives + hyoscyamin recemic mixture of hyoscyamin is known as atropine Physical properties:Color:- colorless State :-crystals Odour:-odourless Taste :-bitter Solubility:-sparingly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents Melting poin ...
... in plants available as L-hyoscyamine hyoscyamine on heating gives + hyoscyamin recemic mixture of hyoscyamin is known as atropine Physical properties:Color:- colorless State :-crystals Odour:-odourless Taste :-bitter Solubility:-sparingly soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents Melting poin ...
Ch17 Lecture
... Treatment of an amide with water in the presence of an acid catalyst (HCl) forms a carboxylic acid and an amine salt. ...
... Treatment of an amide with water in the presence of an acid catalyst (HCl) forms a carboxylic acid and an amine salt. ...
antibiotics penicillins
... attached to the primary amine. β-Lactamases are much less tolerant to the presence of steric hindrance near the side-chain amide bond than are the penicillin binding proteins. When the aromatic ring is attached directly to the side-chain carbonyl and both ortho positions are substituted by methoxy g ...
... attached to the primary amine. β-Lactamases are much less tolerant to the presence of steric hindrance near the side-chain amide bond than are the penicillin binding proteins. When the aromatic ring is attached directly to the side-chain carbonyl and both ortho positions are substituted by methoxy g ...
+ Br2, FeBr3 + Br2, FeBr3
... processes can be accomplished with 2 steps, but there is more than one correct answer for each. Assume that ortho and para isomers can be separated. OH O CH3 ...
... processes can be accomplished with 2 steps, but there is more than one correct answer for each. Assume that ortho and para isomers can be separated. OH O CH3 ...
aryl halides
... The same is true of vinyl halides where the carbon is also sp2 hybridized and not prone to nucleophilic substitution. In a manner analogous to the phenols & alcohols, we have the same functional group in the two families, aryl halides and alkyl halides, but very different chemistries. ...
... The same is true of vinyl halides where the carbon is also sp2 hybridized and not prone to nucleophilic substitution. In a manner analogous to the phenols & alcohols, we have the same functional group in the two families, aryl halides and alkyl halides, but very different chemistries. ...
Worksheets for this unit
... for any organic reactant or product. Indicate any catalysts or special conditions required. If more than one organic product can form draw structures and name both. Ethane reacts with bromine in the presence of UV light ...
... for any organic reactant or product. Indicate any catalysts or special conditions required. If more than one organic product can form draw structures and name both. Ethane reacts with bromine in the presence of UV light ...
Unit 4 Chemistry of Carbon
... For most compounds there are no spaces (there are exceptions) (Yes, these can get very long!) The following will give you a general idea of how to name simple organic compounds. 1. Find any functional groups present. That functional group will identify the ending in the name of the compound, it will ...
... For most compounds there are no spaces (there are exceptions) (Yes, these can get very long!) The following will give you a general idea of how to name simple organic compounds. 1. Find any functional groups present. That functional group will identify the ending in the name of the compound, it will ...
Organic_1_6.1ed_2012_02nd_module_functional_groups_and_IR
... C=O: 1630-1780 cm-1, strong absorption If you need to use other frequencies to identify other functional groups (and sometimes you will), a table of IR frequencies will be provided. ...
... C=O: 1630-1780 cm-1, strong absorption If you need to use other frequencies to identify other functional groups (and sometimes you will), a table of IR frequencies will be provided. ...
Answers / Solutions
... metal, which of the following alcohol will react fastest ? a) secondary b) tertiary c) primary d) all equal Primary alcohol because the reaction Involves cleavage of strongest acidic group (O – H) of various types of ...
... metal, which of the following alcohol will react fastest ? a) secondary b) tertiary c) primary d) all equal Primary alcohol because the reaction Involves cleavage of strongest acidic group (O – H) of various types of ...
Chapters E-18 review - Bakersfield College
... d) CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 e) CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH2-CH3 f) CH3-CH2 -CH-CH2SH NH2 ...
... d) CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 e) CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH2-CH3 f) CH3-CH2 -CH-CH2SH NH2 ...
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
... Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to corresponding amines is an extensively studied organic transformation [1]. Diverse reagents and reaction conditions have been developed for this purpose. Conversion of aromatic amines to corresponding acetamides is also well documented [2]. Reduction of nitro ...
... Reduction of aromatic nitro compounds to corresponding amines is an extensively studied organic transformation [1]. Diverse reagents and reaction conditions have been developed for this purpose. Conversion of aromatic amines to corresponding acetamides is also well documented [2]. Reduction of nitro ...
Chapter 12 –Part 2 Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds with
... t Any acidic hydrogen atoms in the carbonyl substrate will react ...
... t Any acidic hydrogen atoms in the carbonyl substrate will react ...
Phenols
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, which is also called carbolic acid C6H5OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule.Synonyms are arenols or aryl alcohols.Phenolic compounds are synthesized industrially; they also are produced by plants and microorganisms, with variation between and within species.Although similar to alcohols, phenols have unique properties and are not classified as alcohols (since the hydroxyl group is not bonded to a saturated carbon atom). They have higher acidities due to the aromatic ring's tight coupling with the oxygen and a relatively loose bond between the oxygen and hydrogen. The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pKa is usually between 10 and 12).Loss of a positive hydrogen ion (H+) from the hydroxyl group of a phenol forms a corresponding negative phenolate ion or phenoxide ion, and the corresponding salts are called phenolates or phenoxides, although the term aryloxides is preferred according to the IUPAC Gold Book. Phenols can have two or more hydroxy groups bonded to the aromatic ring(s) in the same molecule. The simplest examples are the three benzenediols, each having two hydroxy groups on a benzene ring.Organisms that synthesize phenolic compounds do so in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. As they are present in food consumed in human diets and in plants used in traditional medicine of several cultures, their role in human health and disease is a subject of research.ref name=Klepacka Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants. Others possess estrogenic or endocrine disrupting activity.