Ester-containing polyols having halogen and phosphorus atoms
... amine, and the like. Other suitable catalysts are, for with water to prepare a foam. Alternately, the components example, tin compounds such as stannous chloride, tin may be reacted in a single working step commonly known salts of carboxylic acids, such as dibutyltin di-Z-ethyl as the “one-shot” tec ...
... amine, and the like. Other suitable catalysts are, for with water to prepare a foam. Alternately, the components example, tin compounds such as stannous chloride, tin may be reacted in a single working step commonly known salts of carboxylic acids, such as dibutyltin di-Z-ethyl as the “one-shot” tec ...
Alcohols, Ethers and Epoxides Alcohols contain a hydroxy group (OH)
... Williamson ether synthesis can occur to form epoxides. ...
... Williamson ether synthesis can occur to form epoxides. ...
Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... Most amines that have 3 different substituents on N are not resolved because the molecules interconvert by pyramidal inversion ...
... Most amines that have 3 different substituents on N are not resolved because the molecules interconvert by pyramidal inversion ...
Chapter 14 From organic molecules to medicines
... inhibitors. They do not affect the production of COX-1. Aspirin inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. What are the benefits of these COX-2 inhibiting drugs over aspirin? Find out why rofecoxib, marketed as Vioxx, was withdrawn from use by the pharmaceutical company Merck. ...
... inhibitors. They do not affect the production of COX-1. Aspirin inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. What are the benefits of these COX-2 inhibiting drugs over aspirin? Find out why rofecoxib, marketed as Vioxx, was withdrawn from use by the pharmaceutical company Merck. ...
Carbonyl compounds
... This carbonyl group has characteristic properties that are exhibited by both classes of compounds, so that the two homologous series are more conveniently considered together. However, the attachment of a hydrogen to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde does give it certain properties which ketones do ...
... This carbonyl group has characteristic properties that are exhibited by both classes of compounds, so that the two homologous series are more conveniently considered together. However, the attachment of a hydrogen to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde does give it certain properties which ketones do ...
Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Nucleophiles react more readily with unhindered carbonyl groups ...
... Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Nucleophiles react more readily with unhindered carbonyl groups ...
Carboxylic acids Acyl chlorides Amides Esters
... They are much more resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is faster at higher temperatures. If you spill something like dilute sulfuric acid on a fabric made from nylon, the amide linkages are broken. The long chains break and you can eventually end up with the original monomers. Because you p ...
... They are much more resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is faster at higher temperatures. If you spill something like dilute sulfuric acid on a fabric made from nylon, the amide linkages are broken. The long chains break and you can eventually end up with the original monomers. Because you p ...
Nuggets of Knowledge for Chapter 12 – Alcohols
... reactivity. However, sulfur is a larger atom than oxygen, so it is more acidic as well as more nucleophilic. o One of the most noticeable properties of thiols is their strong, disagreeable odor, often described as the smell of rotting cabbage. Ethyl thiol is added to natural gas to give it a detecta ...
... reactivity. However, sulfur is a larger atom than oxygen, so it is more acidic as well as more nucleophilic. o One of the most noticeable properties of thiols is their strong, disagreeable odor, often described as the smell of rotting cabbage. Ethyl thiol is added to natural gas to give it a detecta ...
Organic Chemistry
... Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, three of the five undergraduate institutions that make up the Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California. He received his B.S. degree from Fairfield University (CT) and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles under the direction of C ...
... Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, three of the five undergraduate institutions that make up the Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California. He received his B.S. degree from Fairfield University (CT) and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles under the direction of C ...
Esters from Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides
... used to make any of the other derivatives Since acyl chlorides are easily made from carboxylic acids they provide a way to synthesize any acyl compound from a carboxylic acid Acyl chlorides react readily with water, but this is not a synthetically useful reaction ...
... used to make any of the other derivatives Since acyl chlorides are easily made from carboxylic acids they provide a way to synthesize any acyl compound from a carboxylic acid Acyl chlorides react readily with water, but this is not a synthetically useful reaction ...
Ch 19 Aldehydes and Ketones
... Aldehydes (RCHO), with the exception of formaldehyde (H2CO), are compounds with both an H and an organic group attached to a carbonyl. Ketones (R2CO) are compounds with two organic groups attached to a carbonyl. Naming Aldehydes 1. Replace final “e” of alkane parent with “al”, such as ethanal (aceta ...
... Aldehydes (RCHO), with the exception of formaldehyde (H2CO), are compounds with both an H and an organic group attached to a carbonyl. Ketones (R2CO) are compounds with two organic groups attached to a carbonyl. Naming Aldehydes 1. Replace final “e” of alkane parent with “al”, such as ethanal (aceta ...
ch18-carboxylic acids
... l Synthesis of Esters: Esterification è Acid catalyzed reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids to form esters is called Fischer esterification è Fischer esterification is an equilibrium process H Ester formation is favored by use of a large excess of either the alcohol or ...
... l Synthesis of Esters: Esterification è Acid catalyzed reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids to form esters is called Fischer esterification è Fischer esterification is an equilibrium process H Ester formation is favored by use of a large excess of either the alcohol or ...
Organic Chemistry Lecture Outline Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids
... A. Nitriles are organic functional groups that contain a C=N (triple) bond. B. Nitriles are named as derivatives of carboxylic acids by replacing the "-ic acid" or "-oic acid" suffix with "-onitrile" C. The nitrile group may also be referred to as a "cyano-" group. ...
... A. Nitriles are organic functional groups that contain a C=N (triple) bond. B. Nitriles are named as derivatives of carboxylic acids by replacing the "-ic acid" or "-oic acid" suffix with "-onitrile" C. The nitrile group may also be referred to as a "cyano-" group. ...
alcohols - GCG-42
... • Alcohols constitute a class of compounds which are regarded as hydroxy derivatives of hydrocarbons. • Based on the no. of hydroxyl groups the alcohols are classified as mono-, di- and trihydric accordingly, if the molecules contain 1, 2 or 3 –OH groups respectively. The alcohols which contain four ...
... • Alcohols constitute a class of compounds which are regarded as hydroxy derivatives of hydrocarbons. • Based on the no. of hydroxyl groups the alcohols are classified as mono-, di- and trihydric accordingly, if the molecules contain 1, 2 or 3 –OH groups respectively. The alcohols which contain four ...
Ch. 24 - Organic Compounds
... manufacture real slime. They turned to the special effects artists, who relied on chemical engineers to manufacture genuine slime. The engineers were able to develop the slime because of the tendency of carbon to form long chains, or polymers. This characteristic, known as catenation, distinguishes ...
... manufacture real slime. They turned to the special effects artists, who relied on chemical engineers to manufacture genuine slime. The engineers were able to develop the slime because of the tendency of carbon to form long chains, or polymers. This characteristic, known as catenation, distinguishes ...
Reductive Deoxygenation of Ketones and Secondary Alcohols by
... ranging between 20% and 90%.4 However, the reduction of ketones to methylene derivatives has been achieved by a number of other reagents: prominent among which are zinc with acid as in the Clemmensen reduction,&sodium borohydride with trifluoroacetic acid, as found by Gribble and co-workers,’jb and ...
... ranging between 20% and 90%.4 However, the reduction of ketones to methylene derivatives has been achieved by a number of other reagents: prominent among which are zinc with acid as in the Clemmensen reduction,&sodium borohydride with trifluoroacetic acid, as found by Gribble and co-workers,’jb and ...
Handout: Naming Organic Compounds Substituents Longest carbon
... alkyl groups attached to nitrogen as substituents. For same substituents, use “di” and “tri.” 2°, 3° amines with different R groups on N: Parent amine is the one with largest R group; name other groups as substituents, starting with N-. [Ions derived from amines: Replace –amine with –a ...
... alkyl groups attached to nitrogen as substituents. For same substituents, use “di” and “tri.” 2°, 3° amines with different R groups on N: Parent amine is the one with largest R group; name other groups as substituents, starting with N-. [Ions derived from amines: Replace –amine with –a ...
Some more basic organic (more naming, reactions, polymers)
... very useful to characterize certain well defined fragments of an organic molecule. These fragments (in isolation) have well defined reactive capabilities. ...
... very useful to characterize certain well defined fragments of an organic molecule. These fragments (in isolation) have well defined reactive capabilities. ...
10.4 Alcohols 10.4 Alcohols
... Fehling’s solution starts blue and will turn orange-brown in the presence of aldehydes. It will remain blue for ketones. Tollens’ reagent produces a silver mirror effect on the inside of the test tube in the presence of aldehydes, but will remain colourless for ketones. ...
... Fehling’s solution starts blue and will turn orange-brown in the presence of aldehydes. It will remain blue for ketones. Tollens’ reagent produces a silver mirror effect on the inside of the test tube in the presence of aldehydes, but will remain colourless for ketones. ...
L1 - Amines
... The N-H bond is not quite as polar as the O-H bond. The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of alcohols. ...
... The N-H bond is not quite as polar as the O-H bond. The hydrogen bonds are not as strong as those of alcohols, so amine boiling points are somewhat lower than those of alcohols. ...
IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
... compound, in which case the position of substituents are numbered around the ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene CH3C6H4CH3, commonly the ortho-, meta-, and para- forms, are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and 1,4dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also be treat ...
... compound, in which case the position of substituents are numbered around the ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene CH3C6H4CH3, commonly the ortho-, meta-, and para- forms, are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and 1,4dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also be treat ...
Advanced Chemistry Grade 12A Sem 2 Overview
... carbonyl group in terms of nucleophilic substitution and show how its reactivity depends on the electronegativity of the group or groups attached to it. ...
... carbonyl group in terms of nucleophilic substitution and show how its reactivity depends on the electronegativity of the group or groups attached to it. ...
Phenols
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, which is also called carbolic acid C6H5OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the molecule.Synonyms are arenols or aryl alcohols.Phenolic compounds are synthesized industrially; they also are produced by plants and microorganisms, with variation between and within species.Although similar to alcohols, phenols have unique properties and are not classified as alcohols (since the hydroxyl group is not bonded to a saturated carbon atom). They have higher acidities due to the aromatic ring's tight coupling with the oxygen and a relatively loose bond between the oxygen and hydrogen. The acidity of the hydroxyl group in phenols is commonly intermediate between that of aliphatic alcohols and carboxylic acids (their pKa is usually between 10 and 12).Loss of a positive hydrogen ion (H+) from the hydroxyl group of a phenol forms a corresponding negative phenolate ion or phenoxide ion, and the corresponding salts are called phenolates or phenoxides, although the term aryloxides is preferred according to the IUPAC Gold Book. Phenols can have two or more hydroxy groups bonded to the aromatic ring(s) in the same molecule. The simplest examples are the three benzenediols, each having two hydroxy groups on a benzene ring.Organisms that synthesize phenolic compounds do so in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. As they are present in food consumed in human diets and in plants used in traditional medicine of several cultures, their role in human health and disease is a subject of research.ref name=Klepacka Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants. Others possess estrogenic or endocrine disrupting activity.