Simulations of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period using two versions of
... Hansen et al., 2000, 2002) and afterward as ModelE. Henceforth, in this paper we will refer to the model as ModelE2-R, or ModelE2 if we are describing the atmosphere-only version. ModelE2-R calculates temperature, pressure, winds and specific humidity as prognostic variables, using the conservation ...
... Hansen et al., 2000, 2002) and afterward as ModelE. Henceforth, in this paper we will refer to the model as ModelE2-R, or ModelE2 if we are describing the atmosphere-only version. ModelE2-R calculates temperature, pressure, winds and specific humidity as prognostic variables, using the conservation ...
Recent climate change in Japan
... For Japan as a whole, climate warming is clearly shown over all periods of observation (1901–2000, 1951–2000, 1976–2000). During the 100 yr (1901–2000) mean annual temperatures increased at all stations from 0.35 (Hakodate) to 2.95◦ C (Tokyo). Strongly increasing trends can be found in all seasons, ...
... For Japan as a whole, climate warming is clearly shown over all periods of observation (1901–2000, 1951–2000, 1976–2000). During the 100 yr (1901–2000) mean annual temperatures increased at all stations from 0.35 (Hakodate) to 2.95◦ C (Tokyo). Strongly increasing trends can be found in all seasons, ...
Assessment of Available Tools to Create a More Resilient
... well as other possible applications” This final report, provided pursuant to R-235-16, first gives a general description of how sea level rise has and could affect transportation infrastructure within the County (Figures 1 and 2). The second portion describes specific studies that have analyzed the ...
... well as other possible applications” This final report, provided pursuant to R-235-16, first gives a general description of how sea level rise has and could affect transportation infrastructure within the County (Figures 1 and 2). The second portion describes specific studies that have analyzed the ...
Variability and Trends of Air Temperature and Pressure in the
... 5–15 yr. Elucidating the mechanisms behind this relationship will be critical to understanding the complex nature of low-frequency variability. ...
... 5–15 yr. Elucidating the mechanisms behind this relationship will be critical to understanding the complex nature of low-frequency variability. ...
Climate Sensitivity - Home page 350.me.uk
... 1.1 in the So and C 0 2 experiments, which applied to a warmer earth with less sea ice. We also obtain an empirical estimate of f = 2-4 f o r the fast feedback processes (water vapor, clouds, sea ice) operating on 10-100 year time scales by comparing the cooling due to slow or specified changes (lan ...
... 1.1 in the So and C 0 2 experiments, which applied to a warmer earth with less sea ice. We also obtain an empirical estimate of f = 2-4 f o r the fast feedback processes (water vapor, clouds, sea ice) operating on 10-100 year time scales by comparing the cooling due to slow or specified changes (lan ...
Abrupt intensification of ENSO forced by deglacial ice-sheet
... a complex variation pattern before the Holocene during the early deglaciation, when the climate is forced by the varying melt water fluxes, insolation, greenhouse gasses and the continental ice sheets. The model-data and inter-model comparisons are challenging because of rare and less robust observa ...
... a complex variation pattern before the Holocene during the early deglaciation, when the climate is forced by the varying melt water fluxes, insolation, greenhouse gasses and the continental ice sheets. The model-data and inter-model comparisons are challenging because of rare and less robust observa ...
Arctic Feedback Loops and Sea Ice Extent
... increased frequency of pregnant polar bears in this region choosing to den on land.” (http://www.doi.gov/news/07_News_Releases/070712.html) Arctic sea ice is defined as a thin, fragile, solid, layer that forms and floats in polar oceans. Sea ice forms and melts with the polar seasons. Some Arctic se ...
... increased frequency of pregnant polar bears in this region choosing to den on land.” (http://www.doi.gov/news/07_News_Releases/070712.html) Arctic sea ice is defined as a thin, fragile, solid, layer that forms and floats in polar oceans. Sea ice forms and melts with the polar seasons. Some Arctic se ...
Small Island States
... The small island states considered in this chapter are located mainly in the tropics and the subtropics. These island states span the ocean regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic, as well as the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas. Because of the very nature of these states, the ocean exerts a ma ...
... The small island states considered in this chapter are located mainly in the tropics and the subtropics. These island states span the ocean regions of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic, as well as the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas. Because of the very nature of these states, the ocean exerts a ma ...
pub02_GulfEcosystem_met_climate
... methane which would accelerate the greenhouse heating rate. In other cases, “negative feedback” acts to suppress the original process such as when increased evaporation from warming creates more low level clouds which reflect sunlight and thus cool the atmosphere. Further, the processes and their fe ...
... methane which would accelerate the greenhouse heating rate. In other cases, “negative feedback” acts to suppress the original process such as when increased evaporation from warming creates more low level clouds which reflect sunlight and thus cool the atmosphere. Further, the processes and their fe ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.