Long-Term Climate Change - Ontario Power Generation
... counterintuitive as times of thickest ice-cover are associated with the warmest basal temperatures, a consequence of the degree of thermal insulation provided by thick ice and the continuing flow of heat from the Earth’s interior into the ice-sheet base. The subsurface thermal regime is also importa ...
... counterintuitive as times of thickest ice-cover are associated with the warmest basal temperatures, a consequence of the degree of thermal insulation provided by thick ice and the continuing flow of heat from the Earth’s interior into the ice-sheet base. The subsurface thermal regime is also importa ...
Observing climate change trends in ocean biogeochemistry: when
... variables used here are plotted in Fig. S1. As expected, pH decreases and SST increases throughout the world’s oceans. The Arctic experiences the most rapid decrease in pH due to the retreat of sea ice which increases absorption of atmospheric CO2 (McNeil & Matear, 2007). Strongest warming trends oc ...
... variables used here are plotted in Fig. S1. As expected, pH decreases and SST increases throughout the world’s oceans. The Arctic experiences the most rapid decrease in pH due to the retreat of sea ice which increases absorption of atmospheric CO2 (McNeil & Matear, 2007). Strongest warming trends oc ...
Quantifying Physical Processes in the Marine Environment using
... A critical component of the quantitative use of the ambient sound field to describe the marine environment is the identification of the sound source. This analysis depends on the assumption that different sound sources have unique spectral characteristics that allow identification through multivaria ...
... A critical component of the quantitative use of the ambient sound field to describe the marine environment is the identification of the sound source. This analysis depends on the assumption that different sound sources have unique spectral characteristics that allow identification through multivaria ...
Document
... habitats and ensure that development is sustainable. If MPAs are to maintain their role into ...
... habitats and ensure that development is sustainable. If MPAs are to maintain their role into ...
List of maps and graphs
... Model simulation of hydrodynamics and phytoplankton dynamics during three contrasting summers (The cold summer of 1956, the average summer of 1991 and the hot summer of 2003). ...
... Model simulation of hydrodynamics and phytoplankton dynamics during three contrasting summers (The cold summer of 1956, the average summer of 1991 and the hot summer of 2003). ...
The millennial atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic CO2
... CO2 emissions, if we are to avoid “dangerous climate change”. A warming of 2°C has been proposed as a benchmark for a dangerous climate change (Caldeira and Wickett 2005; Schellnhuber et al. 2006), although a warming of only 1°C would certainly be preferable (Hansen et al. 2006; Hansen 2006). A warm ...
... CO2 emissions, if we are to avoid “dangerous climate change”. A warming of 2°C has been proposed as a benchmark for a dangerous climate change (Caldeira and Wickett 2005; Schellnhuber et al. 2006), although a warming of only 1°C would certainly be preferable (Hansen et al. 2006; Hansen 2006). A warm ...
Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?
... increases as Earth becomes colder and the area of ice increases. Climate sensitivity on Pleistocene time scales includes slow feedbacks, and is larger than the Charney sensitivity, because the dominant slow feedbacks are positive. Other feedbacks, e.g., the negative feedback of increased weathering ...
... increases as Earth becomes colder and the area of ice increases. Climate sensitivity on Pleistocene time scales includes slow feedbacks, and is larger than the Charney sensitivity, because the dominant slow feedbacks are positive. Other feedbacks, e.g., the negative feedback of increased weathering ...
Sensitivity of the Humboldt Current system to global warming: a
... which aims at representing the evolution of large scale ...
... which aims at representing the evolution of large scale ...
The Open Ocean
... which will continue under all emissions scenarios, and human exposure and vulnerability. 4. Unabated greenhouse gas emissions require immediate regulation to avoid severe consequences. If greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated, IPCC projections from now to 2050 indicate a continued decline in t ...
... which will continue under all emissions scenarios, and human exposure and vulnerability. 4. Unabated greenhouse gas emissions require immediate regulation to avoid severe consequences. If greenhouse gas emissions continue unabated, IPCC projections from now to 2050 indicate a continued decline in t ...
The Changing Arctic Cryosphere and Likely Consequences: An
... climate change because vast numbers of people live on or use resources on lands that are likely to be inundated. While climate change during the last century has affected sea level primarily through thermal expansion of oceanic waters, reductions in the amount of freshwater currently stored as ice o ...
... climate change because vast numbers of people live on or use resources on lands that are likely to be inundated. While climate change during the last century has affected sea level primarily through thermal expansion of oceanic waters, reductions in the amount of freshwater currently stored as ice o ...
... services in a broad sense. At the same time, the meeting agreed that all the ETs should be prepared to address climate services within the GFCS framework in more detail as the concept developed. It also agreed that JCOMM representation on the expected Inter-Commission Task Team on the GFCS should at ...
Valuing the Ocean: Extended Executive Summary
... and estuary zones near river mouths are also vulnerable because of inputs of freshwater, which changes the carbonate chemistry. ...
... and estuary zones near river mouths are also vulnerable because of inputs of freshwater, which changes the carbonate chemistry. ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.