Variability and Triggering Factors of Observed Global Mean Land
... Trends and long-term variability As a first step it is tested whether part of the variance of precipitation can be attributed to long term trend and thus to climate change. In order to investigate long term changes it is sufficient to deal with annual mean monthly precipitation sums as provided in F ...
... Trends and long-term variability As a first step it is tested whether part of the variance of precipitation can be attributed to long term trend and thus to climate change. In order to investigate long term changes it is sufficient to deal with annual mean monthly precipitation sums as provided in F ...
Progress with the initial ocean climate observing Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCO
... observing system. The last 5 years of progress and the plan for the next five years are found in Figure 2. Completion of the initial ocean climate observing system by 2010, as the plan envisions, will require substantial additional yearly investment by the Parties. At the time of the preparation of ...
... observing system. The last 5 years of progress and the plan for the next five years are found in Figure 2. Completion of the initial ocean climate observing system by 2010, as the plan envisions, will require substantial additional yearly investment by the Parties. At the time of the preparation of ...
Coastal Sea-Level Change Societal Challenge Needs Assessment
... challenges within the community of interest. These needs were compiled, documented, and categorized (based on expressed needs reported by the audience) by the planning team. These findings were summarized in a draft report. Once the draft report was completed, as a secondary data collection approach ...
... challenges within the community of interest. These needs were compiled, documented, and categorized (based on expressed needs reported by the audience) by the planning team. These findings were summarized in a draft report. Once the draft report was completed, as a secondary data collection approach ...
Balancing global climate research
... Analytical skills encompass laboratory-based methodologies, high-resolution climate modelling, and advanced numerical data processing techniques. How are members of the project redefining ocean reconstructions and climate models? Is the team using any particularly unique or interesting methods for c ...
... Analytical skills encompass laboratory-based methodologies, high-resolution climate modelling, and advanced numerical data processing techniques. How are members of the project redefining ocean reconstructions and climate models? Is the team using any particularly unique or interesting methods for c ...
Climate change and coastal ecosystem in India: Issues in perspectives
... change on fish distribution. However, it is challenging to derive the relationship between climatic factors and fish production. One of the major problems in assessing the impact is the complexity of segregating the climate-induced changes in fish population from other human– induced changes such as ...
... change on fish distribution. However, it is challenging to derive the relationship between climatic factors and fish production. One of the major problems in assessing the impact is the complexity of segregating the climate-induced changes in fish population from other human– induced changes such as ...
Grinnell Glacier
... questions changing information, values, and units where appropriate: 1. The estimated area of glaciers in North Cascades National Park was 218 km2 in 1900, 117.3 km2 in 1958, and 109.1 km2 in 1998. What per cent of glacial ice remains? What is the per cent decrease in the area of glaciers in the par ...
... questions changing information, values, and units where appropriate: 1. The estimated area of glaciers in North Cascades National Park was 218 km2 in 1900, 117.3 km2 in 1958, and 109.1 km2 in 1998. What per cent of glacial ice remains? What is the per cent decrease in the area of glaciers in the par ...
(2012), Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide
... The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO2 and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO2 in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ...
... The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core records suggests a close link between CO2 and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages. The role and relative importance of CO2 in producing these climate changes remains unclear, however, in part because the ...
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation
... one phase might be, the opposite phase would have the opposite effect and after a full cycle the system would be brought back to where it was at the beginning. The heat can just be moved around through different parts of the system and it may even be "hidden" for some time, but after a full cycle it w ...
... one phase might be, the opposite phase would have the opposite effect and after a full cycle the system would be brought back to where it was at the beginning. The heat can just be moved around through different parts of the system and it may even be "hidden" for some time, but after a full cycle it w ...
Are observed changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
... that there is a discernible human influence on global climate.” The so called “evidence” cited in Chapter 8 of the main report was based on one paper that at the time had not been published in the refereed scientific literature. Moreover, one of the authors of this paper was also the convening lead ...
... that there is a discernible human influence on global climate.” The so called “evidence” cited in Chapter 8 of the main report was based on one paper that at the time had not been published in the refereed scientific literature. Moreover, one of the authors of this paper was also the convening lead ...
Seasonal and spatial heterogeneity of recent sea surface
... example, if gametogenesis is closely linked to changes in temperature, its phenology might be only weakly modified if warming occurs outside the main reproductive season. On the other hand, increases of temperature in summer might be more likely to tip organisms towards upper lethal levels than if wa ...
... example, if gametogenesis is closely linked to changes in temperature, its phenology might be only weakly modified if warming occurs outside the main reproductive season. On the other hand, increases of temperature in summer might be more likely to tip organisms towards upper lethal levels than if wa ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.