General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... far from each other and are architectonically distinct, but they have in common the simplest types of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describ ...
... far from each other and are architectonically distinct, but they have in common the simplest types of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describ ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
Chapter_013
... Consists of the cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis Internal white matter—composed of short and long tracts • Shorter tracts—conduct impulses from neuron cell bodies located in the cerebellar cortex to neurons whose dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum ...
... Consists of the cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis Internal white matter—composed of short and long tracts • Shorter tracts—conduct impulses from neuron cell bodies located in the cerebellar cortex to neurons whose dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum ...
A Neural Network of Adaptively Timed Reinforcement
... 1.2 Timing the Balance between Exploration for Novel Rewards and Consummation of Expected Rewards The spectral timing model clarifies the following type of behavioral competence. Many goal objects may be delayed subsequent to the actions that elicit them, or the environmental events that signal thei ...
... 1.2 Timing the Balance between Exploration for Novel Rewards and Consummation of Expected Rewards The spectral timing model clarifies the following type of behavioral competence. Many goal objects may be delayed subsequent to the actions that elicit them, or the environmental events that signal thei ...
Chapter_013
... Consists of the cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis Internal white matter—composed of short and long tracts • Shorter tracts—conduct impulses from neuron cell bodies located in the cerebellar cortex to neurons whose dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum ...
... Consists of the cerebellar hemispheres and the vermis Internal white matter—composed of short and long tracts • Shorter tracts—conduct impulses from neuron cell bodies located in the cerebellar cortex to neurons whose dendrites and cell bodies compose nuclei located in the interior of the cerebellum ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
Task demands determine the specificity of the search template Mary
... target are from the same category but are not identical. To measure cueing effects, we calculated the difference between each observer’s average search times for targets preceded by informative cues and their search times for the same targets preceded by an uninformative cue (the word “fish”). Such ...
... target are from the same category but are not identical. To measure cueing effects, we calculated the difference between each observer’s average search times for targets preceded by informative cues and their search times for the same targets preceded by an uninformative cue (the word “fish”). Such ...
Movement disorders
... were initiated with levodopa, a precursor of dopamine. Levodopa is routinely administered in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa or benserazide) to prevent its peripheral metabolism to dopamine and the development of nausea and vomiting levodopa is still the most potent ...
... were initiated with levodopa, a precursor of dopamine. Levodopa is routinely administered in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa or benserazide) to prevent its peripheral metabolism to dopamine and the development of nausea and vomiting levodopa is still the most potent ...
Neurologic System The nervous system Central and peripheral
... Sucking, rooting, yawn, sneeze, hiccup, blink at bright light, and withdrawal from painful stimuli Infants and Children (Cont.) Primitive reflexes present in newborn Moro (startle reflex), stepping, palmar and plantar grasp Motor maturation in cephalocaudal direction Head and neck Trunk Extremities ...
... Sucking, rooting, yawn, sneeze, hiccup, blink at bright light, and withdrawal from painful stimuli Infants and Children (Cont.) Primitive reflexes present in newborn Moro (startle reflex), stepping, palmar and plantar grasp Motor maturation in cephalocaudal direction Head and neck Trunk Extremities ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
... target arrow of the flanker task. Optical response-button boxes ( positioned on the upper leg) recorded index finger responses of the left and right hand. Participants performed 2 practice mini-blocks with performance feedback before the experiment started. Experimental data were then acquired in 2 co ...
... target arrow of the flanker task. Optical response-button boxes ( positioned on the upper leg) recorded index finger responses of the left and right hand. Participants performed 2 practice mini-blocks with performance feedback before the experiment started. Experimental data were then acquired in 2 co ...
Dynamic shaping of dopamine signals during probabilistic
... below the lever. We calculated approach probability as the number of cue approach trials divided by the total number of trials. We used this method to score approaches rather than lever presses because we found that rats often made lever contacts that did not register as lever pressing. Rats would b ...
... below the lever. We calculated approach probability as the number of cue approach trials divided by the total number of trials. We used this method to score approaches rather than lever presses because we found that rats often made lever contacts that did not register as lever pressing. Rats would b ...
Learning to represent reward structure: A key to adapting to complex
... aiming for the immediate outcome but rather making a balance of outcome predictions between the immediate and temporally distant future. One should also be able to learn appropriate valuebased decisions through experience in order to behave adaptively to different circumstances. Finally, one should ...
... aiming for the immediate outcome but rather making a balance of outcome predictions between the immediate and temporally distant future. One should also be able to learn appropriate valuebased decisions through experience in order to behave adaptively to different circumstances. Finally, one should ...
NIH Public Access
... However, the preferred orientation (θ0) remained relatively constant (Fig. 2d). Interestingly, all the putative PV+ neurons (Fig. 1c, white bars) exhibited poor tuning even before laser stimulation, consistent with previous findings12,13. Note that while most of the poorly fitted tuning curves showe ...
... However, the preferred orientation (θ0) remained relatively constant (Fig. 2d). Interestingly, all the putative PV+ neurons (Fig. 1c, white bars) exhibited poor tuning even before laser stimulation, consistent with previous findings12,13. Note that while most of the poorly fitted tuning curves showe ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... main difference between the two is that in classical conditioning the outcome (e.g., food) does not depend on the animal’s actions, whereas in instrumental conditioning it does. The archetypal account of instrumental conditioning is Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this law, in instrum ...
... main difference between the two is that in classical conditioning the outcome (e.g., food) does not depend on the animal’s actions, whereas in instrumental conditioning it does. The archetypal account of instrumental conditioning is Thorndike’s (1898) law of effect. According to this law, in instrum ...
This article was originally published in the
... of error, but no error actually occurs. These trials are characterized as having high conflict, defined as the tension between two or more incompatible competing motor responses. For example, in a Stroop task, subjects must mediate between the habitual tendency to read the word and the instructed ta ...
... of error, but no error actually occurs. These trials are characterized as having high conflict, defined as the tension between two or more incompatible competing motor responses. For example, in a Stroop task, subjects must mediate between the habitual tendency to read the word and the instructed ta ...
Reciprocal Connectivity of Identified Color
... et al. 2009). In line with these reports, we have found that sharply color-tuned cells are densely localized around the posterior middle temporal sulcus (PMTS), in what we have named the PIT color area (PITC) (Yasuda et al. 2010). These neurons are organized in a crude retinotopic map, and we propos ...
... et al. 2009). In line with these reports, we have found that sharply color-tuned cells are densely localized around the posterior middle temporal sulcus (PMTS), in what we have named the PIT color area (PITC) (Yasuda et al. 2010). These neurons are organized in a crude retinotopic map, and we propos ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... of the central nervous system (CNS) and usually affects people in their 60s or over. This neurodegenerative disease causes progressive decline in memory, judgment, and reasoning, as well as disruption of neurologic function within the brain. The cerebral cortex atrophies, and abnormal protein deposi ...
... of the central nervous system (CNS) and usually affects people in their 60s or over. This neurodegenerative disease causes progressive decline in memory, judgment, and reasoning, as well as disruption of neurologic function within the brain. The cerebral cortex atrophies, and abnormal protein deposi ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell exclusively with feedforward inputs (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). Although, in reality, V1 cells are part of a recurrent network, studying a feedfor ...
... Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell exclusively with feedforward inputs (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). Although, in reality, V1 cells are part of a recurrent network, studying a feedfor ...
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage
... images of flashing lights sometimes followed by other images. His former wife reported that he fully recovered from the first four seizures, and that his intellectual faculties seemed entirely normal before the 1984 seizures (see below). Periodic neurological evaluations after seizures from 1964 to ...
... images of flashing lights sometimes followed by other images. His former wife reported that he fully recovered from the first four seizures, and that his intellectual faculties seemed entirely normal before the 1984 seizures (see below). Periodic neurological evaluations after seizures from 1964 to ...
Brain Facts: A Primer On The Brain And Nervous System
... ture, regulation, location, and function. Developing drugs to block or ...
... ture, regulation, location, and function. Developing drugs to block or ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.