Reward and punishment act as distinct factors in guiding behavior
... this instructed contingency was reversed. We found similar results in both blocks and therefore pooled the data over the two blocks. In 20% of trials, we randomly interleaved cases in which no auditory stimulus was present. When no sound was heard, subjects were instructed to choose either key (i.e. ...
... this instructed contingency was reversed. We found similar results in both blocks and therefore pooled the data over the two blocks. In 20% of trials, we randomly interleaved cases in which no auditory stimulus was present. When no sound was heard, subjects were instructed to choose either key (i.e. ...
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... Monetary incentive delay task We used the MID task as described by Knutson et al. (2001a) with slight modification to examine neural responses to monetary anticipation. Before entering the scanner, participants completed a 9-min practice version of the task. This practice task minimized later learnin ...
... Monetary incentive delay task We used the MID task as described by Knutson et al. (2001a) with slight modification to examine neural responses to monetary anticipation. Before entering the scanner, participants completed a 9-min practice version of the task. This practice task minimized later learnin ...
Supraspinal control of ejaculation
... SSRIs inhibit desire, erection, & ejac. Less inhibition from SSRIs that also inhibit DA & NE reuptake &/or are 5-HT2 or α2 antagonists. SSRIs and NOS inhibitors used to treat premature ejaculation, but can be TOO ...
... SSRIs inhibit desire, erection, & ejac. Less inhibition from SSRIs that also inhibit DA & NE reuptake &/or are 5-HT2 or α2 antagonists. SSRIs and NOS inhibitors used to treat premature ejaculation, but can be TOO ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... surements), were extracted from the continuous sinusoidal tones (white rectangle). Left, The same tone pattern was presented to both ears in the binaural condition. The EEG and separately averaged for each condition two variants are depicted separately at the top and the bottom. Right, Different pat ...
... surements), were extracted from the continuous sinusoidal tones (white rectangle). Left, The same tone pattern was presented to both ears in the binaural condition. The EEG and separately averaged for each condition two variants are depicted separately at the top and the bottom. Right, Different pat ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
letter - Hanks Lab
... decision-making, and its neural correlates have been found in several brain regions1–8. Here we develop a generalizable method to measure tuning curves that specify the relationship between neural responses and mentally accumulated evidence, and apply it to distinguish the encoding of decision varia ...
... decision-making, and its neural correlates have been found in several brain regions1–8. Here we develop a generalizable method to measure tuning curves that specify the relationship between neural responses and mentally accumulated evidence, and apply it to distinguish the encoding of decision varia ...
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... he ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the monkey brain receives convergent input from visual, somatosensory, and motor areas (1, 2). Neurons in VIP respond to visual and somatosensory stimuli, with a relative emphasis on stimuli that are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons a ...
... he ventral intraparietal area (VIP) in the monkey brain receives convergent input from visual, somatosensory, and motor areas (1, 2). Neurons in VIP respond to visual and somatosensory stimuli, with a relative emphasis on stimuli that are near, approaching, or touching the head (3–5). Many neurons a ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... time. Biological motion detection implies recognition of complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario ena ...
... time. Biological motion detection implies recognition of complex motion patterns, such as a reach and grasp movement, or a repetitive action, such as walking [21]. In other words, the generative model of the brain is more like a narrative or scenario, predicting sequences of events. The scenario ena ...
Temporal fate specification and neural progenitor competence
... called temporal patterning or temporal-identity specification (BOX 1). An understanding of temporal patterning mechanisms is important for multiple reasons: it will illuminate how spatial and temporal cues are integrated to generate specific cell types and how ageing progenitors change competence to ...
... called temporal patterning or temporal-identity specification (BOX 1). An understanding of temporal patterning mechanisms is important for multiple reasons: it will illuminate how spatial and temporal cues are integrated to generate specific cell types and how ageing progenitors change competence to ...
Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... triggers the return to NREM. Drugs that boost 5HT (like antidepressants) can decrease REM. • Drugs that stimulate ACh receptors during sleep quickly move people to REM (like Nicotine patch or smoking ...
... triggers the return to NREM. Drugs that boost 5HT (like antidepressants) can decrease REM. • Drugs that stimulate ACh receptors during sleep quickly move people to REM (like Nicotine patch or smoking ...
fluctuations in somatosensory responsiveness and baseline firing
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
... administered in the second group of experiments (N⫽30 neurons). In the third group, injection manipulations with the empty device on the rat’s head were simulated (N⫽24 neurons). The latter two groups did not statistically differ from each other in any parameter, which made it possible to combine th ...
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... the principal diffusion direction corresponds to the underlying fiber direction.3,4 Therefore, by following estimates of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to reconstruct estimated fiber pathways.9,25,37 Conventional approaches to tract tracing, however, can typically only trace pat ...
... the principal diffusion direction corresponds to the underlying fiber direction.3,4 Therefore, by following estimates of the principal direction of diffusion it is possible to reconstruct estimated fiber pathways.9,25,37 Conventional approaches to tract tracing, however, can typically only trace pat ...
Predicting Activation Across Individuals with Resting
... Alignment of function across individuals. Neuroimaging group-studies typically rely on registering structural imaging data of all subjects to a common template using software such as FreeSurfer [5], FSL [8], or SPM [1]. This establishes spatial correspondence across the population, and allows for lo ...
... Alignment of function across individuals. Neuroimaging group-studies typically rely on registering structural imaging data of all subjects to a common template using software such as FreeSurfer [5], FSL [8], or SPM [1]. This establishes spatial correspondence across the population, and allows for lo ...
Gating of Sensory Input by Spontaneous Cortical Activity
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
... a semiautomatic algorithm (http://klustakwik.sourceforge.net) followed by manual clustering (http://klusters.sourceforge.net). Only neurons with firing rates higher than 1 Hz were used in further analysis, resulting in population sizes 17, 26, 32, and 45 for the four rats, respectively. After spike ...
Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... in the cat than in the ferret, tree shrew, or monkey — all species where the orientation and direction selectivity of neurons in layer 4, the major thalamorecipient layer, is weak or absent [22,29,31]. The simplification offered by the model of Hubel and Wiesel [2] is that the pattern of convergence ...
... in the cat than in the ferret, tree shrew, or monkey — all species where the orientation and direction selectivity of neurons in layer 4, the major thalamorecipient layer, is weak or absent [22,29,31]. The simplification offered by the model of Hubel and Wiesel [2] is that the pattern of convergence ...
Combining electroencephalographic activity and
... past R-events. The probability function is fully parametrized to model its first-order moment. Importantly, as the probability function is defined at each moment in time, the parameter estimation is performed instantaneously. In particular, the linear terms allow for instantaneous time domain and sp ...
... past R-events. The probability function is fully parametrized to model its first-order moment. Importantly, as the probability function is defined at each moment in time, the parameter estimation is performed instantaneously. In particular, the linear terms allow for instantaneous time domain and sp ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... performed using the standard nine-parameter landmark method of Talairach and Tournoux. The primary data analysis focused on ROIs that showed significant task-selective activity during the localizer scans. To identify these regions for each subject, we modeled the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) ...
... performed using the standard nine-parameter landmark method of Talairach and Tournoux. The primary data analysis focused on ROIs that showed significant task-selective activity during the localizer scans. To identify these regions for each subject, we modeled the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) ...
Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous
... efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they fun ...
... efferent divisions of the nervous system, and explain what is meant by the somatic nervous system. • 15-2 Explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity. • 15-3 Identify the receptors for the general senses, and describe how they fun ...
Visual Fields
... the spot of light when it is shown in the blind spot. If they can see it, they must have moved their eye. Thus, the analyzer records every time a stimuli is shown in the blind spot and seen by the patient as a fixation loss.11 Two other important measures of reliability are false positives and fals ...
... the spot of light when it is shown in the blind spot. If they can see it, they must have moved their eye. Thus, the analyzer records every time a stimuli is shown in the blind spot and seen by the patient as a fixation loss.11 Two other important measures of reliability are false positives and fals ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.