Insights into decision making using choice probability
... populations provides powerful constraints on our interpretation and understanding of CP and, as a result, on models describing how neuronal activity gives rise to our decisions. After a brief introduction describing what CP is and how it is calculated, we discuss recent work that addresses the quest ...
... populations provides powerful constraints on our interpretation and understanding of CP and, as a result, on models describing how neuronal activity gives rise to our decisions. After a brief introduction describing what CP is and how it is calculated, we discuss recent work that addresses the quest ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
... Other evidence indicates that gradients of gene expression in the neuroepithelium of different cortical areas might regulate the initial arealization of the neocortex. For example, Pax6 is usually expressed in a lowcaudomedial–high-rostrolateral gradient28,29. In Pax6 homozygous mutants, caudolatera ...
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... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... ms, whereas images from the other two stimulus sets were displayed for 1,000 ms. The onset of the response interval was chosen to exclude nonimage-specific responses to the fixation spot. The numbers of spikes generated by the cell during the response interval, normalized by interval duration, were ...
... ms, whereas images from the other two stimulus sets were displayed for 1,000 ms. The onset of the response interval was chosen to exclude nonimage-specific responses to the fixation spot. The numbers of spikes generated by the cell during the response interval, normalized by interval duration, were ...
Taste and Smell
... the four basic taste sensations • Take some toothpicks, and dip them in sugar water, lemon juice, Angostura bitters and salt water • Then touch each toothpick to the various parts of your tongue identified in the diagram – sugar water will taste the sweetest on the tip of your tongue – lemon juice s ...
... the four basic taste sensations • Take some toothpicks, and dip them in sugar water, lemon juice, Angostura bitters and salt water • Then touch each toothpick to the various parts of your tongue identified in the diagram – sugar water will taste the sweetest on the tip of your tongue – lemon juice s ...
Taste and Smell - Baldwin County Public Schools
... the four basic taste sensations • Take some toothpicks, and dip them in sugar water, lemon juice, Angostura bitters and salt water • Then touch each toothpick to the various parts of your tongue identified in the diagram – sugar water will taste the sweetest on the tip of your tongue – lemon juice s ...
... the four basic taste sensations • Take some toothpicks, and dip them in sugar water, lemon juice, Angostura bitters and salt water • Then touch each toothpick to the various parts of your tongue identified in the diagram – sugar water will taste the sweetest on the tip of your tongue – lemon juice s ...
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... in animals (Woolf et al., 1977) and humans (Wall and CronlyDillon, 1960), and pathological pain in patients (Wall and Sweet, 1967; Meyer and Fields, 1972), the underlying mechanisms of this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortica ...
... in animals (Woolf et al., 1977) and humans (Wall and CronlyDillon, 1960), and pathological pain in patients (Wall and Sweet, 1967; Meyer and Fields, 1972), the underlying mechanisms of this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortica ...
Words in the Brain`s Language
... Words in the Brain's Language 1. Words in the brain: where?, why?, how? Human language production is caused by neuronal activity and any speech signal necessarily activates neurons in the brain of listeners when being perceived. It is the very purpose of language science to specify these processes a ...
... Words in the Brain's Language 1. Words in the brain: where?, why?, how? Human language production is caused by neuronal activity and any speech signal necessarily activates neurons in the brain of listeners when being perceived. It is the very purpose of language science to specify these processes a ...
Neurophysiologic markers in laryngeal muscles indicate functional
... Second testing session. For testing the functional role of cortical spots generating neurophysiologic markers in cricothyroid muscle, the second paradigm of stimulation was used in order to elicit transient speech disruptions while stimulating the cortical spot which elicited neurophysiologic marker ...
... Second testing session. For testing the functional role of cortical spots generating neurophysiologic markers in cricothyroid muscle, the second paradigm of stimulation was used in order to elicit transient speech disruptions while stimulating the cortical spot which elicited neurophysiologic marker ...
Canceling Planned Action: An fMRI Study of
... the planned response is generated or not. By adjusting the time between the presentation of the stimulus that initiates the GO response processes and the presentation of the stop stimulus, an interval known as the stop signal delay, the probability that either one of the two possible responses will ...
... the planned response is generated or not. By adjusting the time between the presentation of the stimulus that initiates the GO response processes and the presentation of the stop stimulus, an interval known as the stop signal delay, the probability that either one of the two possible responses will ...
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... 2002; Kohonen, 1982; Rosa and Tweedale, 2005; Saarinen and Kohonen, 1985). This principle can explain the separation of cortex into discrete areas that emphasize different information domains. It can also explain the continuous maps that form within cortical areas. The reason why the cortex is organ ...
... 2002; Kohonen, 1982; Rosa and Tweedale, 2005; Saarinen and Kohonen, 1985). This principle can explain the separation of cortex into discrete areas that emphasize different information domains. It can also explain the continuous maps that form within cortical areas. The reason why the cortex is organ ...
Tinnitus: What You Need to Know
... 2. Bolus-tracking measures cerebral blood volume, making use of external contrast agents (Belliveau et al. 1991). 3. Spin-tagging assesses cerebral blood flow, using arterial blood for intrinsic contrast (Detre et al. 1992). ...
... 2. Bolus-tracking measures cerebral blood volume, making use of external contrast agents (Belliveau et al. 1991). 3. Spin-tagging assesses cerebral blood flow, using arterial blood for intrinsic contrast (Detre et al. 1992). ...
Insula and Orbitofrontal Cortical Morphology in Substance
... withdrawal or negative bodily states trigger interoceptive signals in the insula.9-11 From there, signals are transmitted to the OFC where information is maintained on-line to inform decisions and guide actions. Few structural imaging studies of substance dependence, however, have focused on the ins ...
... withdrawal or negative bodily states trigger interoceptive signals in the insula.9-11 From there, signals are transmitted to the OFC where information is maintained on-line to inform decisions and guide actions. Few structural imaging studies of substance dependence, however, have focused on the ins ...
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... Lecture/Discussion: Neurotransmitters: Chemical Communicators of the Nervous System In 1921, a scientist in Austria put two living, beating hearts in a fluid bath that kept them beating. He stimulated the vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic n ...
... Lecture/Discussion: Neurotransmitters: Chemical Communicators of the Nervous System In 1921, a scientist in Austria put two living, beating hearts in a fluid bath that kept them beating. He stimulated the vagus nerve of one of the hearts. This is a bundle of neurons that serves the parasympathetic n ...
The major symptom dimensions of obsessive
... Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by multiple, temporally stable symptom dimensions. Preliminary functional neuroimaging studies suggest that these symptom dimensions may have distinct neural substrates. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry was u ...
... Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder characterized by multiple, temporally stable symptom dimensions. Preliminary functional neuroimaging studies suggest that these symptom dimensions may have distinct neural substrates. Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry was u ...
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... For infants with “typical” sensory hearing loss, hearing aid fitting can proceed in the earliest months of life based on electrophysiological estimates (e.g., ABR, ASSR) of hearing sensitivity. For infants with AN, however, electrophysiological methods do not predict auditory detection thresholds. C ...
... For infants with “typical” sensory hearing loss, hearing aid fitting can proceed in the earliest months of life based on electrophysiological estimates (e.g., ABR, ASSR) of hearing sensitivity. For infants with AN, however, electrophysiological methods do not predict auditory detection thresholds. C ...
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... Plasticity is greatest in young children within whom the hemispheres are not yet completely lateralized. Aging eventually leads to a reduction in the number of synapses. Aging is also associated with a loss of gray matter in the cerebellum. This may be the underlying cause of balance problems ...
... Plasticity is greatest in young children within whom the hemispheres are not yet completely lateralized. Aging eventually leads to a reduction in the number of synapses. Aging is also associated with a loss of gray matter in the cerebellum. This may be the underlying cause of balance problems ...
Reward and punishment act as distinct factors in guiding behavior
... this instructed contingency was reversed. We found similar results in both blocks and therefore pooled the data over the two blocks. In 20% of trials, we randomly interleaved cases in which no auditory stimulus was present. When no sound was heard, subjects were instructed to choose either key (i.e. ...
... this instructed contingency was reversed. We found similar results in both blocks and therefore pooled the data over the two blocks. In 20% of trials, we randomly interleaved cases in which no auditory stimulus was present. When no sound was heard, subjects were instructed to choose either key (i.e. ...
the organization of the arthropod central nervous system
... final motor fibers, are present in all animals. Because the delay times involved are the shortest possible, monosynaptic reflexes are common in quick withdrawal movements, which generally have priority over all other responses. However it is quite incorrect to picture such a reflex as an event invol ...
... final motor fibers, are present in all animals. Because the delay times involved are the shortest possible, monosynaptic reflexes are common in quick withdrawal movements, which generally have priority over all other responses. However it is quite incorrect to picture such a reflex as an event invol ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.