Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... to one another in tracks made into this region, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the multimodal representations are actually being formed from unimodal inputs to this region. Therefore, it appears to be in these orbitofrontal cortex areas that flavor representations are built, where flavor ...
... to one another in tracks made into this region, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the multimodal representations are actually being formed from unimodal inputs to this region. Therefore, it appears to be in these orbitofrontal cortex areas that flavor representations are built, where flavor ...
Bayesian Computation in Recurrent Neural Circuits
... by a model computing the log-likelihood ratio of one target over the other (Carpenter & Williams, 1995). In another study, the saccadic response time distribution of monkeys could be predicted from the time taken by neural activity in area FEF to reach a fixed threshold (Hanes & Schall, 1996), sugges ...
... by a model computing the log-likelihood ratio of one target over the other (Carpenter & Williams, 1995). In another study, the saccadic response time distribution of monkeys could be predicted from the time taken by neural activity in area FEF to reach a fixed threshold (Hanes & Schall, 1996), sugges ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... Single-labeling studies. Tissue sections were rinsed in 0.1 M Tris buffer (TB), pH 7.4, for 20 min, in 0.1 M Tris buffered saline (TBS), pH 7.4, for 20 min., blocked using 2% avidin in TBS for 30 min, rinsed in TBS for 30 min, blocked using 2% biotin for 30 min, and finally rinsed in TBS for 30 min. ...
... Single-labeling studies. Tissue sections were rinsed in 0.1 M Tris buffer (TB), pH 7.4, for 20 min, in 0.1 M Tris buffered saline (TBS), pH 7.4, for 20 min., blocked using 2% avidin in TBS for 30 min, rinsed in TBS for 30 min, blocked using 2% biotin for 30 min, and finally rinsed in TBS for 30 min. ...
Introduction to Psychology
... a) Explain why an axon must regenerate an impulse instead of just conducting it. b) Describe the forces behind the resting potential. c) Explain why there needs to be a resting potential. d) Discuss the all-or-none law and its significance. e) Describe the molecular basis of the activation threshold ...
... a) Explain why an axon must regenerate an impulse instead of just conducting it. b) Describe the forces behind the resting potential. c) Explain why there needs to be a resting potential. d) Discuss the all-or-none law and its significance. e) Describe the molecular basis of the activation threshold ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... diameter of the soma was largest and the membrane was most intensely stained. C ells were then cut out with the scissor tool and removed to a new N IH worksheet. A single representative slice was taken for each identified neuron. All identified cells from one ganglion were placed on the same workshe ...
... diameter of the soma was largest and the membrane was most intensely stained. C ells were then cut out with the scissor tool and removed to a new N IH worksheet. A single representative slice was taken for each identified neuron. All identified cells from one ganglion were placed on the same workshe ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... behavioral demands. Such claims are rooted in evidence from neurophysiology experiments that entail direct reinforcement of variation in the firing rates of single cortical neurons – that is, single unit operant conditioning experiments. However, such investigations have largely been limited to the ...
... behavioral demands. Such claims are rooted in evidence from neurophysiology experiments that entail direct reinforcement of variation in the firing rates of single cortical neurons – that is, single unit operant conditioning experiments. However, such investigations have largely been limited to the ...
Objectives
... a) Explain why an axon must regenerate an impulse instead of just conducting it. b) Describe the forces behind the resting potential. c) Explain why there needs to be a resting potential. d) Discuss the all-or-none law and its significance. e) Describe the molecular basis of the activation threshold ...
... a) Explain why an axon must regenerate an impulse instead of just conducting it. b) Describe the forces behind the resting potential. c) Explain why there needs to be a resting potential. d) Discuss the all-or-none law and its significance. e) Describe the molecular basis of the activation threshold ...
The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in
... non-classical pathways that diminished with age, thus probably a sign of normal maturation. The fact that some of the individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with ...
... non-classical pathways that diminished with age, thus probably a sign of normal maturation. The fact that some of the individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with ...
The Computation and Comparison of Value in Goal
... motion. The animal’s task is to indicate which of two targets reflects the coherent direction of motion by executing an eye movement to the appropriate target. The difficulty of the task is varied across trials by changing the percentage of dots that are moving coherently. Subjects are rewarded a fi ...
... motion. The animal’s task is to indicate which of two targets reflects the coherent direction of motion by executing an eye movement to the appropriate target. The difficulty of the task is varied across trials by changing the percentage of dots that are moving coherently. Subjects are rewarded a fi ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... Functional imaging studies of the human brain have suggested the involvement of the cingulate gyrus in a wide variety of affective, cognitive, motor, and sensory functions. These studies highlighted the need for detailed anatomic analyses to delineate its many cortical fields more clearly. In the pr ...
... Functional imaging studies of the human brain have suggested the involvement of the cingulate gyrus in a wide variety of affective, cognitive, motor, and sensory functions. These studies highlighted the need for detailed anatomic analyses to delineate its many cortical fields more clearly. In the pr ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... study of neural systems: “What does the system do?” and its logical companion and does the system do this?” sequel, “How Answering the first question involves the ability to predict the system response to any stimulus, and it is therefore usually carried out through the performance of suitable stimu ...
... study of neural systems: “What does the system do?” and its logical companion and does the system do this?” sequel, “How Answering the first question involves the ability to predict the system response to any stimulus, and it is therefore usually carried out through the performance of suitable stimu ...
Role of Nitric Oxide on Dopamine Release and Morphine
... inhibit frequency-dependent effects of SIN-1 (NO donor) on DA release in NA. Several studies reported that NO-mediated DA release was independent of glutamate and GABA inputs (Hartung et al., 2011; Exley, Clements, Hartung, McIntosh, & Cragg, 2008; Threlfell et al., 2010). NO also modulate the relea ...
... inhibit frequency-dependent effects of SIN-1 (NO donor) on DA release in NA. Several studies reported that NO-mediated DA release was independent of glutamate and GABA inputs (Hartung et al., 2011; Exley, Clements, Hartung, McIntosh, & Cragg, 2008; Threlfell et al., 2010). NO also modulate the relea ...
Continuous and Overlapping Expression Domains of Odorant
... 2000), and injected into fertilized mouse eggs. The EGFP fluorescence on the whole-mount OB was imaged by a fluorescence microscope (model SZX12; Olympus Optical) and photographed with a cooled CCD camera (model C4742-95-12ERG; Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan). DiI retrograde labeling. Three-w ...
... 2000), and injected into fertilized mouse eggs. The EGFP fluorescence on the whole-mount OB was imaged by a fluorescence microscope (model SZX12; Olympus Optical) and photographed with a cooled CCD camera (model C4742-95-12ERG; Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan). DiI retrograde labeling. Three-w ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... Many neurons of auditory cortical areas are selectively responsive to temporal patterns of auditory stimuli, e.g., frequency modulation of tones. Areas have been found that appear to respond to more complex aspects of auditory patterns like the vocalizations of conspecifics. The visceral nervous sys ...
... Many neurons of auditory cortical areas are selectively responsive to temporal patterns of auditory stimuli, e.g., frequency modulation of tones. Areas have been found that appear to respond to more complex aspects of auditory patterns like the vocalizations of conspecifics. The visceral nervous sys ...
What are Neural Networks? - Teaching-WIKI
... output from the given training data input; 4. Ensure that the training data passes successfully, and test the network with other training/testing data; 5. Go back to Step 3 if performance is not good enough; 6. Repeat from Step 2 if Step 5 still lacks performance; or 7. Repeat from Step 1 if the net ...
... output from the given training data input; 4. Ensure that the training data passes successfully, and test the network with other training/testing data; 5. Go back to Step 3 if performance is not good enough; 6. Repeat from Step 2 if Step 5 still lacks performance; or 7. Repeat from Step 1 if the net ...
New Features of Connectivity in Piriform Cortex Visualized by
... Piriform cortex has long been considered as “primary” olfactory cortex because it is the largest area that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb (OB), the structure that monosynaptically relays input from olfactory receptor neurons. However, physiological and anatomical studies suggest that ...
... Piriform cortex has long been considered as “primary” olfactory cortex because it is the largest area that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb (OB), the structure that monosynaptically relays input from olfactory receptor neurons. However, physiological and anatomical studies suggest that ...
Oculomotor System
... are head perturbations. If we did not have eye movements the visual image would “slip” on the retina every time we moved our heads. Some eye movements stabilize our gaze (maintain fixation), while other eye movements allow us to shift our gaze to new objects of interest. ...
... are head perturbations. If we did not have eye movements the visual image would “slip” on the retina every time we moved our heads. Some eye movements stabilize our gaze (maintain fixation), while other eye movements allow us to shift our gaze to new objects of interest. ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
... Analysis of neuronal data during the sampling phase. We excluded error trials from our statistical analyses. Subjects made two types of errors: premature breaks of eye fixation and movements in the wrong direction during the AO task. Errors resulted in 5 s timeout, after which the trial resumed from ...
... Analysis of neuronal data during the sampling phase. We excluded error trials from our statistical analyses. Subjects made two types of errors: premature breaks of eye fixation and movements in the wrong direction during the AO task. Errors resulted in 5 s timeout, after which the trial resumed from ...
How humans distinguish between smells
... 1000 (Axel, 2006). Because there are millions of neurons in olfactory bulb, there must be a duplication of many of the types of receptor proteins. In other words, there are thousands of each of the 350 types of receptor proteins found within the human nose. If the system worked like a lock and key, ...
... 1000 (Axel, 2006). Because there are millions of neurons in olfactory bulb, there must be a duplication of many of the types of receptor proteins. In other words, there are thousands of each of the 350 types of receptor proteins found within the human nose. If the system worked like a lock and key, ...
DescendSC10
... brainstem – these are analogous to above areas. 1 function of the brainstem is to serve as the “spinal cord for the head”. 3rd and 4th components: basal ganglia and cerebellum do not project directly to motor neurons, but rather, synapse on descending pathways and have a very important influence. ...
... brainstem – these are analogous to above areas. 1 function of the brainstem is to serve as the “spinal cord for the head”. 3rd and 4th components: basal ganglia and cerebellum do not project directly to motor neurons, but rather, synapse on descending pathways and have a very important influence. ...
Coding of movement
... However, it should be noted that the model is affiliated with a principled approach to motor control that states that feedback is a necessary component of an appropriate neural controller (Guigon et al., 2007). Thus, the controller can be considered as an optimal feedback controller, i.e. a controlle ...
... However, it should be noted that the model is affiliated with a principled approach to motor control that states that feedback is a necessary component of an appropriate neural controller (Guigon et al., 2007). Thus, the controller can be considered as an optimal feedback controller, i.e. a controlle ...
A PRIMER ON EEG AND RELATED MEASURES OF BRAIN ACTIVITY
... electrodes, the recorded signal provides a physical reflection of brain activity; as physical as it would have been when the electrodes were used to record the potential distribution on a sphere with a battery within a conducting medium inside. The recorded signal is said to result from volume condu ...
... electrodes, the recorded signal provides a physical reflection of brain activity; as physical as it would have been when the electrodes were used to record the potential distribution on a sphere with a battery within a conducting medium inside. The recorded signal is said to result from volume condu ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.