Radial glia in the proliferative ventricular zone of the embryonic and
... coincides with sites of neurogenesis.10 Conclusive evidence demonstrated that RG cells produce neurons.5,11-16 The evidence demonstrating that RG cells are neuronal precursor cells was made possible by new technology, specifically fluorescent protein-expressing retroviruses combined with time-lapse ...
... coincides with sites of neurogenesis.10 Conclusive evidence demonstrated that RG cells produce neurons.5,11-16 The evidence demonstrating that RG cells are neuronal precursor cells was made possible by new technology, specifically fluorescent protein-expressing retroviruses combined with time-lapse ...
Radial glia in the proliferative ventricular zone of the embryonic and
... coincides with sites of neurogenesis.10 Conclusive evidence demonstrated that RG cells produce neurons.5,11-16 The evidence demonstrating that RG cells are neuronal precursor cells was made possible by new technology, specifically fluorescent protein-expressing retroviruses combined with time-lapse ...
... coincides with sites of neurogenesis.10 Conclusive evidence demonstrated that RG cells produce neurons.5,11-16 The evidence demonstrating that RG cells are neuronal precursor cells was made possible by new technology, specifically fluorescent protein-expressing retroviruses combined with time-lapse ...
GAP-43 Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons following Central
... segments, defined by the point of entrance of their dorsal roots into the dorsal horn, were then removed, postfixed for 6 hr, and then immersed in 20-30% sucrose in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 4°C) overnight. Northern blot analysis. The L3, L4, and L5 DRG ipsi- and contralateral to either a sciatic ne ...
... segments, defined by the point of entrance of their dorsal roots into the dorsal horn, were then removed, postfixed for 6 hr, and then immersed in 20-30% sucrose in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 4°C) overnight. Northern blot analysis. The L3, L4, and L5 DRG ipsi- and contralateral to either a sciatic ne ...
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System
... Recently, the zebrafish has been extensively used for studying the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoh ...
... Recently, the zebrafish has been extensively used for studying the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the zebrafish CNS has been poorly analyzed in the adult. The cholinergic/cholinoceptive system of the zebrafish CNS was analyzed by using choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoh ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
... many relevant processes occur, including (1) a reduction in gray matter volume, (2) intensive myelination, (3) synapse pruning and (4) dynamic changes in receptor systems [10]. The processes of brain remodeling and maturation during adolescence may easily unmask malfunctions that originated earlier ...
... many relevant processes occur, including (1) a reduction in gray matter volume, (2) intensive myelination, (3) synapse pruning and (4) dynamic changes in receptor systems [10]. The processes of brain remodeling and maturation during adolescence may easily unmask malfunctions that originated earlier ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... The purpose of this introductory chapter is twofold: to motivate, and to contextualize. The motivation aims at evidencing the importance of synchronization to brain functioning. Consciousness, cognition, behavior and perception require the interaction of multiple large groups of interconnected neuro ...
... The purpose of this introductory chapter is twofold: to motivate, and to contextualize. The motivation aims at evidencing the importance of synchronization to brain functioning. Consciousness, cognition, behavior and perception require the interaction of multiple large groups of interconnected neuro ...
Cerebral Cortex
... The dorsal stream (parietal) begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then to visual area V3, visual area MT (also known as V5) and to the inferior parietal lobule. The dorsal stream, sometimes called the “Where Pathway” is associated with representation of object location, and direction of moti ...
... The dorsal stream (parietal) begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then to visual area V3, visual area MT (also known as V5) and to the inferior parietal lobule. The dorsal stream, sometimes called the “Where Pathway” is associated with representation of object location, and direction of moti ...
This article was originally published in the Encyclopedia of
... that subjects should withhold their motor response (commonly a key press, although hand, arm, and eye movements; verbalization; and hand squeezes have been used). Over trials, the delay between the appearance of the stimulus and the stop signal is modulated by a dynamic tracking algorithm that adjus ...
... that subjects should withhold their motor response (commonly a key press, although hand, arm, and eye movements; verbalization; and hand squeezes have been used). Over trials, the delay between the appearance of the stimulus and the stop signal is modulated by a dynamic tracking algorithm that adjus ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... olfactory axon guidance, the cues responsible for generating the topographic map remain elusive. Where are these cues for convergence and targeting localised? Recent analyses of mice with a reduced complement of mitral cells have suggested that these postsynaptic neurons are not involved in the sort ...
... olfactory axon guidance, the cues responsible for generating the topographic map remain elusive. Where are these cues for convergence and targeting localised? Recent analyses of mice with a reduced complement of mitral cells have suggested that these postsynaptic neurons are not involved in the sort ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
RHYTHM GENERATION IN SPINAL CULTURES: IS IT THE
... the spinal cord. Therefore, other preparations like the spinal cord of the turtle (Mortin and Stein, 1989) or embryonic preparations like that of the tadpole (Dale, 1995), or the zebrafish embryo (Fetcho and O'Malley, 1995) were developed to obtain deeper insight into the cellular basis of CPGs. An ...
... the spinal cord. Therefore, other preparations like the spinal cord of the turtle (Mortin and Stein, 1989) or embryonic preparations like that of the tadpole (Dale, 1995), or the zebrafish embryo (Fetcho and O'Malley, 1995) were developed to obtain deeper insight into the cellular basis of CPGs. An ...
the premotor cortex of the monkey
... radialis, brachialis, and brachioradials were monitored, many bilaterally, and they also showed no consistent transient or sustained relationship with the ready signal. EMG activity was synchronized with movement; the earliest muscles were activated 20 to 80 msec before movement onset. The onset tim ...
... radialis, brachialis, and brachioradials were monitored, many bilaterally, and they also showed no consistent transient or sustained relationship with the ready signal. EMG activity was synchronized with movement; the earliest muscles were activated 20 to 80 msec before movement onset. The onset tim ...
Radial glial cells as neuronal precursors
... developing cerebral cortex from E13 until early postnatal stages (Hartfuss et al., 2000; Fig. 1B). Since GFP was detected with a similar time of onset (E13) in the developing cortex of hGFAP-GFP transgenic mice, we performed a co-localization analysis using acutely dissociated cells to evaluate coex ...
... developing cerebral cortex from E13 until early postnatal stages (Hartfuss et al., 2000; Fig. 1B). Since GFP was detected with a similar time of onset (E13) in the developing cortex of hGFAP-GFP transgenic mice, we performed a co-localization analysis using acutely dissociated cells to evaluate coex ...
From spike frequency to free recall:
... Appropriate encoding dynamics require strong afferent input from entorhinal cortex. At the same time, the internal connections of the hippocampus (including both recurrent connections in region CA3 and the Schaffer collaterals from CA3 to CA1) would undergo strong synaptic modification, but weak syn ...
... Appropriate encoding dynamics require strong afferent input from entorhinal cortex. At the same time, the internal connections of the hippocampus (including both recurrent connections in region CA3 and the Schaffer collaterals from CA3 to CA1) would undergo strong synaptic modification, but weak syn ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... degrees by different species. Although the experimental basis to be described for the model in Figure 2 has been determined largely from studies in rodents and often under anesthetized conditions, the fundamental neural circuits elucidated through this work are expected to exist across a wide variet ...
... degrees by different species. Although the experimental basis to be described for the model in Figure 2 has been determined largely from studies in rodents and often under anesthetized conditions, the fundamental neural circuits elucidated through this work are expected to exist across a wide variet ...
Plasticity in the developing brain: Implications for
... Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ...
... Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland ...
Nerve Regeneration in C. elegans after femtosecond laser axotomy
... following surgery [3]. This precise surgical technique opens the experimental access to study nerve regeneration in vivo in an organism with a simple nervous system, for the first time. After a brief introduction to femtosecond laser surgery in Section II, we describe our experimental setup in Secti ...
... following surgery [3]. This precise surgical technique opens the experimental access to study nerve regeneration in vivo in an organism with a simple nervous system, for the first time. After a brief introduction to femtosecond laser surgery in Section II, we describe our experimental setup in Secti ...
Smelling on the fly: sensory cues and strategies for olfactory
... case study for understanding how the nervous system combines information from multiple sources. Importantly, the optimal strategy for finding a chemical source may change as the environment changes. To take an obvious example, visual cues may be useful in the daytime but less useful at night. This m ...
... case study for understanding how the nervous system combines information from multiple sources. Importantly, the optimal strategy for finding a chemical source may change as the environment changes. To take an obvious example, visual cues may be useful in the daytime but less useful at night. This m ...
Inferior Parietal Lobule Function in Spatial Perception and
... Progress has been more difficult in gaining an understanding of the somatosensory functions of this area and the possible role the IPL may play in the integration of somatosensory and visual information. It is becoming clear that an important integration of incoming visual signals and oculomotor sig ...
... Progress has been more difficult in gaining an understanding of the somatosensory functions of this area and the possible role the IPL may play in the integration of somatosensory and visual information. It is becoming clear that an important integration of incoming visual signals and oculomotor sig ...
Signals and circuits in the Purkinje neuron NEURAL CIRCUITS Ze’ev R. Abrams
... seen in the 200 ms close-up of a single Ca2+ pulse in Figure 2C. As can be seen from the magnified single pulse in Figure 2C, the APs increase in frequency as a function of the amplitude of the underlying Ca2+ spike; this is known as a chirped signal, and is a demonstration of FM. The “traditional” w ...
... seen in the 200 ms close-up of a single Ca2+ pulse in Figure 2C. As can be seen from the magnified single pulse in Figure 2C, the APs increase in frequency as a function of the amplitude of the underlying Ca2+ spike; this is known as a chirped signal, and is a demonstration of FM. The “traditional” w ...
What Fuels Fat - Napa Valley College
... progress toward identifying its components. As the pieces of this puzzle come together, a general observation can be made that may disappoint but will probably not surprise anyone who has struggled to lose weight: the human body's regulation mechanisms seem to be slightly biased in favor of preservi ...
... progress toward identifying its components. As the pieces of this puzzle come together, a general observation can be made that may disappoint but will probably not surprise anyone who has struggled to lose weight: the human body's regulation mechanisms seem to be slightly biased in favor of preservi ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
RNA Interference Against BACE1 Suppresses BACE1 and Aβ
... Cerebral deposition of Aβ in neuritic plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The activity of β-amyloid-cleaving-enzyme 1 (BACE1), an aspartyl protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-site, plays a key role in the formation of A-beta (Aβ) f ...
... Cerebral deposition of Aβ in neuritic plaques is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The activity of β-amyloid-cleaving-enzyme 1 (BACE1), an aspartyl protease that cleaves the amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-site, plays a key role in the formation of A-beta (Aβ) f ...
Lec #10_Central Vis - Biology Courses Server
... Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
... Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.