Evolution of Nervous Systems and Brains
... In the reconstruction of the evolution of nervous systems and brains, however, the primary goal is not the construction of new cladograms, but an answer to the question whether within a group (taxon) of animals the presence or absence of a given character, e.g., the six-layered isocortex as found in ...
... In the reconstruction of the evolution of nervous systems and brains, however, the primary goal is not the construction of new cladograms, but an answer to the question whether within a group (taxon) of animals the presence or absence of a given character, e.g., the six-layered isocortex as found in ...
Associative learning signals in the brain
... in swim time to find the platform, indicative of learning. This transient increase followed by a decrease with learning could play a role in signaling novel spatial information. While the findings in rabbits and rats suggest that striking changes in neural activity can accompany various forms of assoc ...
... in swim time to find the platform, indicative of learning. This transient increase followed by a decrease with learning could play a role in signaling novel spatial information. While the findings in rabbits and rats suggest that striking changes in neural activity can accompany various forms of assoc ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
Neuronal Control of Mucus Secretion by Leeches: Toward a General
... activity controls the secretion of mucus from the skin of leeches. Serotonin elicits the secretion of mucus without any apparent synaptic transfers in either the central or peripheral nervous systems. Such a secretogogue function may be more general as serotonin controls the secretion of mucus from ...
... activity controls the secretion of mucus from the skin of leeches. Serotonin elicits the secretion of mucus without any apparent synaptic transfers in either the central or peripheral nervous systems. Such a secretogogue function may be more general as serotonin controls the secretion of mucus from ...
- Philsci
... prosthesis. Second, I will argue that the stimulation-connection method differs in some key aspects from the simulative, synthetic method widely adopted in theoretically oriented Artificial Intelligence and machine-supported cognitive (neuro)science (as well as in simulation-replacement bionic studi ...
... prosthesis. Second, I will argue that the stimulation-connection method differs in some key aspects from the simulative, synthetic method widely adopted in theoretically oriented Artificial Intelligence and machine-supported cognitive (neuro)science (as well as in simulation-replacement bionic studi ...
Article 5 - Graduate Program in Neuroscience | UBC
... Neurophysiological Methods The activity of single neurons was recorded from extracellular positions with moveable microelectrodes in Macaca fascicularis monkeys performing behavioral tasks under computer control. The behavioral apparatus and most recording and evaluation techniques were similar to t ...
... Neurophysiological Methods The activity of single neurons was recorded from extracellular positions with moveable microelectrodes in Macaca fascicularis monkeys performing behavioral tasks under computer control. The behavioral apparatus and most recording and evaluation techniques were similar to t ...
Accelerating axonal growth promotes motor
... proximal nerve lesions, and even more so those that involve a complete transection of the nerve, generally have a poor outcome with, in particular, minimal clinically meaningful motor recovery (5–7). One proposed explanation for this is that the injury-induced increase in intrinsic axonal growth is ...
... proximal nerve lesions, and even more so those that involve a complete transection of the nerve, generally have a poor outcome with, in particular, minimal clinically meaningful motor recovery (5–7). One proposed explanation for this is that the injury-induced increase in intrinsic axonal growth is ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... hypothalamic area and tuberomammillary nucleus (Fig. 1C, DA, TM), the perifornical nucleus (Fig. 1D, Pef), and the fields of Forel (Fig. 1E, FF). Axons originating in prefrontal area 12 also reached the lateral hypothalamic area (LA), anterior hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamic area. In t ...
... hypothalamic area and tuberomammillary nucleus (Fig. 1C, DA, TM), the perifornical nucleus (Fig. 1D, Pef), and the fields of Forel (Fig. 1E, FF). Axons originating in prefrontal area 12 also reached the lateral hypothalamic area (LA), anterior hypothalamic area, and posterior hypothalamic area. In t ...
Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and
... (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of these fired to the CS+1, 21% of these fired to the CS+2, and 56% of these fired to both) (Figs. 2 and 4 and Fig. S1). The phasic response consisted of a rapid climb in firing rate to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone on ...
... (52/115) fired phasically at the onset of the CS+1 and/or CS+2 cues (23% of these fired to the CS+1, 21% of these fired to the CS+2, and 56% of these fired to both) (Figs. 2 and 4 and Fig. S1). The phasic response consisted of a rapid climb in firing rate to reach a peak within 200 ms of each CS+ tone on ...
STOCHASTIC GENERATION OF BIOLOGICALLY - G
... these neurons into a web-based database of synthetic brain microstructure. This is the direct (or synthetic) brain construction process. We can then turn the table to the indirect (or reciprocal ) process, and develop algorithms to find basic circuits directly from the web-based database of syntheti ...
... these neurons into a web-based database of synthetic brain microstructure. This is the direct (or synthetic) brain construction process. We can then turn the table to the indirect (or reciprocal ) process, and develop algorithms to find basic circuits directly from the web-based database of syntheti ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... differentially modulate such circuits. Here we show that, because of differences in synaptic connectivity, activation of inputs to the VTA from the laterodorsal tegmentum and the lateral habenula elicit reward and aversion in mice, respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse ...
... differentially modulate such circuits. Here we show that, because of differences in synaptic connectivity, activation of inputs to the VTA from the laterodorsal tegmentum and the lateral habenula elicit reward and aversion in mice, respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... 2010b) and ion channel expression patterns (Corson & Bradley, 2013; Suwabe & Bradley, 2009). Much more is known about the biophysical properties of rNST neurons and their cranial nerve inputs as a whole than is known about the differences between the ...
... 2010b) and ion channel expression patterns (Corson & Bradley, 2013; Suwabe & Bradley, 2009). Much more is known about the biophysical properties of rNST neurons and their cranial nerve inputs as a whole than is known about the differences between the ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC– enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to ...
... which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC– enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to ...
Galanin in Alzheimer s disease: Neuroinhibitory or neuroprotective?
... regions associated with cognitive dysfunction in AD. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), which similarly to the CBF contains long neocortical and hippocampal projection neurons that modulate memory and attention [39] and degenerate in AD [40], also exhibits prominent GAL-ir fiber hyperinnervatio ...
... regions associated with cognitive dysfunction in AD. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), which similarly to the CBF contains long neocortical and hippocampal projection neurons that modulate memory and attention [39] and degenerate in AD [40], also exhibits prominent GAL-ir fiber hyperinnervatio ...
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
... contact with neurophysiological data concerning real neurons. ...
... contact with neurophysiological data concerning real neurons. ...
Canonical Microcircuits for Predictive Coding
... neuron from which they recorded. By recording from pyramidal neurons in L2–L6 (L1 lacks pyramidal cells), the authors mapped the excitatory influence that each layer exerts over the others. They found that the L2/3 to L5A/B was the strongest connection, accounting for one-third of the total synaptic ...
... neuron from which they recorded. By recording from pyramidal neurons in L2–L6 (L1 lacks pyramidal cells), the authors mapped the excitatory influence that each layer exerts over the others. They found that the L2/3 to L5A/B was the strongest connection, accounting for one-third of the total synaptic ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
memory systems in the brain
... painful stimulus. These examples indicate how emotions can be produced by the delivery, omission, or termination of rewarding or punishing stimuli, and go some way to indicate how different emotions could be produced and classified in terms of the rewards and punishments received, omitted, or termin ...
... painful stimulus. These examples indicate how emotions can be produced by the delivery, omission, or termination of rewarding or punishing stimuli, and go some way to indicate how different emotions could be produced and classified in terms of the rewards and punishments received, omitted, or termin ...
Nervous System Power Point
... Diagram shows synaptic knob or axon terminal of presynaptic neuron, the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, and a synaptic cleft. On the arrival of an action potential at a synaptic knob, neurotransmitter molecules are released from vesicles in the knob into the synaptic cleft. The combining o ...
... Diagram shows synaptic knob or axon terminal of presynaptic neuron, the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron, and a synaptic cleft. On the arrival of an action potential at a synaptic knob, neurotransmitter molecules are released from vesicles in the knob into the synaptic cleft. The combining o ...
Neurofilaments and Orthograde Transport Are Reduced in Ventral
... transgenic mice that develop an ALS-like phenotype, including prominent NF inclusions in motor neurons that subsequently degenerate (Côté et al., 1993; Xu et al., 1993; Eyer and Peterson, 1994; Lee et al., 1994; Tu et al., 1997a). Since only variations in the number of KSP motifs in NFH have been ob ...
... transgenic mice that develop an ALS-like phenotype, including prominent NF inclusions in motor neurons that subsequently degenerate (Côté et al., 1993; Xu et al., 1993; Eyer and Peterson, 1994; Lee et al., 1994; Tu et al., 1997a). Since only variations in the number of KSP motifs in NFH have been ob ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... often called “parkinsonian mask” (283), which is due partly to the paucity of spontaneous gaze shifts (saccadic eye movements). Parkinsonian patients may make a saccade, on command, to a visual object with little difficulty, yet their voluntary saccades are rare. These facts suggest that the basal g ...
... often called “parkinsonian mask” (283), which is due partly to the paucity of spontaneous gaze shifts (saccadic eye movements). Parkinsonian patients may make a saccade, on command, to a visual object with little difficulty, yet their voluntary saccades are rare. These facts suggest that the basal g ...
Mechanisms of memory storage in a model perirhinal network
... reports emphasized that future studies should aim for biological realism in the design of neuron models. Indeed, there are different approaches to modeling of the nervous system. The approach used here was to develop a model that is as realistic as possible by integrating most of the available exper ...
... reports emphasized that future studies should aim for biological realism in the design of neuron models. Indeed, there are different approaches to modeling of the nervous system. The approach used here was to develop a model that is as realistic as possible by integrating most of the available exper ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... parvalbumin (PV) specifically target the perisomatic area of pyramidal neurons. Interneurons expressing somatostatin (SOM) specifically target thin basal and apical tuft dendrites of pyramidal neurons3,4. Interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) avoid pyramidal neurons and specifical ...
... parvalbumin (PV) specifically target the perisomatic area of pyramidal neurons. Interneurons expressing somatostatin (SOM) specifically target thin basal and apical tuft dendrites of pyramidal neurons3,4. Interneurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) avoid pyramidal neurons and specifical ...
Review of Thoracic and Abdominal Autonomics
... from the T1-T4 chain ganglia—some pass through cervical ganglia on their way to the heart. It may seem odd that some of the pathways to the heart start in the thoracic spinal cord, run all the way up to the superior cervical ganglion, synapse, and then descend again into the thorax. This is a holdov ...
... from the T1-T4 chain ganglia—some pass through cervical ganglia on their way to the heart. It may seem odd that some of the pathways to the heart start in the thoracic spinal cord, run all the way up to the superior cervical ganglion, synapse, and then descend again into the thorax. This is a holdov ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.