Ontogeny, Compartmentation, and Turnover of Spectrin lsoforms in
... knowledge of the assembly, organization, and metabolism of skeletal proteins is essential to understanding the molecular basis of neuronal form and function. While studies of neuronal structural proteins have long been directed at the microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin filaments (Wuerker and Ki ...
... knowledge of the assembly, organization, and metabolism of skeletal proteins is essential to understanding the molecular basis of neuronal form and function. While studies of neuronal structural proteins have long been directed at the microtubules, neurofilaments, and actin filaments (Wuerker and Ki ...
USC Brain Project Specific Aims
... TAs: Erhan Oztop, erhan@java.usc.edu, Salvador Marmol, smarmol@rana This course provides a basic understanding of brain function, of artificial neural networks which provide tools for a new paradigm for adaptive parallel computation, and of the Neural Simulation Language NSLJ which allows us to simu ...
... TAs: Erhan Oztop, erhan@java.usc.edu, Salvador Marmol, smarmol@rana This course provides a basic understanding of brain function, of artificial neural networks which provide tools for a new paradigm for adaptive parallel computation, and of the Neural Simulation Language NSLJ which allows us to simu ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understanding the role of COX-2 in brain function is an important prerequisite to fully understanding how to exploit the potential benefits of COX-2 inhibition in disabling neurological diseases. COX-2 in Brain Function In mammali ...
... emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understanding the role of COX-2 in brain function is an important prerequisite to fully understanding how to exploit the potential benefits of COX-2 inhibition in disabling neurological diseases. COX-2 in Brain Function In mammali ...
(Title 17, United States Code) governs the maki
... The adaptive specialization hypothesis refers to specific demands placed on the brain and their effects on the morphology within corresponding or specific areas utilized to process those demands (Krebs et al. 1989; Krebs J.R. 1990; Jacobs & Spencer 1994; Jacobs 1996; Lucas et al. 2004). In terms of ...
... The adaptive specialization hypothesis refers to specific demands placed on the brain and their effects on the morphology within corresponding or specific areas utilized to process those demands (Krebs et al. 1989; Krebs J.R. 1990; Jacobs & Spencer 1994; Jacobs 1996; Lucas et al. 2004). In terms of ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
... system (CNS) (43; 115) and particular peripheral tissues including muscles (128), adipose (197), and liver (38). As a result, both proteins are widely distributed throughout the nervous system(43; 217) while, at the cellular level, BDNF and its receptors, TrkB and p75, can be located in both the axo ...
... system (CNS) (43; 115) and particular peripheral tissues including muscles (128), adipose (197), and liver (38). As a result, both proteins are widely distributed throughout the nervous system(43; 217) while, at the cellular level, BDNF and its receptors, TrkB and p75, can be located in both the axo ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... monoclonal antibodies (1 in loo0 dilutions of ascites fluids in 0.01 M-PBSpH 7-2 containing 3% bovine serum albumin) at 4 "C overnight by gently mixing in a tray. The membrane was washed with 50 mM-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.5 M-NaCI, and then reacted with 2 ml peroxida ...
... monoclonal antibodies (1 in loo0 dilutions of ascites fluids in 0.01 M-PBSpH 7-2 containing 3% bovine serum albumin) at 4 "C overnight by gently mixing in a tray. The membrane was washed with 50 mM-Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.5 M-NaCI, and then reacted with 2 ml peroxida ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... are also expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons, raising the possibility that cadherins regulate additional steps in the development of sensory-motor circuits. Introduction Many hundreds of neuronal cell types are generated during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)—a ...
... are also expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons, raising the possibility that cadherins regulate additional steps in the development of sensory-motor circuits. Introduction Many hundreds of neuronal cell types are generated during the development of the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS)—a ...
Structure and function of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brains
... around to scan a larger volume of air or to probe structures, crevices, trails or other insects including nestmates for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scap ...
... around to scan a larger volume of air or to probe structures, crevices, trails or other insects including nestmates for chemical and tactile cues. To perform antennal movements, antennae are equipped with sets of muscles inside the head capsule and others inside the antenna's basal segment, the scap ...
Visual Response Properties in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate
... connections, this would seem a likely possibility. However, if, despite altered patterns of activity early in development, individual dLGN cells in the adult continue to be dominated by input from a single retinal ganglion cell as in normal animals (Chen and Regehr, 2000; Tavazoie and Reid, 2000), t ...
... connections, this would seem a likely possibility. However, if, despite altered patterns of activity early in development, individual dLGN cells in the adult continue to be dominated by input from a single retinal ganglion cell as in normal animals (Chen and Regehr, 2000; Tavazoie and Reid, 2000), t ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... protective effect of Zn on NMDA neurotoxicity, the protective effect of Zn on glutamate showeda U-shapedZn concentration dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). Even at 300 PM Zn, however, there were still substantial amounts of residualglutamate-induced neuronal injury, in dis ...
... protective effect of Zn on NMDA neurotoxicity, the protective effect of Zn on glutamate showeda U-shapedZn concentration dependence,with maximal protective effect at 300 FM (Fig. 7). Even at 300 PM Zn, however, there were still substantial amounts of residualglutamate-induced neuronal injury, in dis ...
Abstract The cochiear nucleus of the barn owl is composed of two
... (along some quantitative measure of phase locking such as vector strength) and reject any responses which fall below that level. These methods are artificial because some assumption must be made about what does or does not represent a level of information which is meaningful to the nervous system. E ...
... (along some quantitative measure of phase locking such as vector strength) and reject any responses which fall below that level. These methods are artificial because some assumption must be made about what does or does not represent a level of information which is meaningful to the nervous system. E ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... (ALS), Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and polyglutamine disease, have arisen. NOX enzymes are transmembrane proteins and generate reactive oxygen species by transporting electrons across lipid membranes. Under normal healthy conditions, low levels of ROS produced by NOX enzymes have been shown t ...
... (ALS), Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and polyglutamine disease, have arisen. NOX enzymes are transmembrane proteins and generate reactive oxygen species by transporting electrons across lipid membranes. Under normal healthy conditions, low levels of ROS produced by NOX enzymes have been shown t ...
1) Answers: (a), (b), and (d)
... 45) Answer: True. Animals will work to obtain activation of the lateral hypothalamic neurons. It therefore seems likely that it is the stimulation of these brain regions by the consumption of food in the natural state that makes food psychologically rewarding. 46) Answer: (c). Taste signals provide ...
... 45) Answer: True. Animals will work to obtain activation of the lateral hypothalamic neurons. It therefore seems likely that it is the stimulation of these brain regions by the consumption of food in the natural state that makes food psychologically rewarding. 46) Answer: (c). Taste signals provide ...
identification of a cell surface glycoprotein family of olfactory
... and Warren, 1982), as well as the reciprocal distribution (Vulliamy et al., 1981), to retinal photoreceptor cells (Barnstable, 1980), and to cat CNS neuronal subclasses (McKay and Hockfield, 1982). We have developed an Mab, 2B8, which binds to cell surface antigens on primary sensory neurons of the ...
... and Warren, 1982), as well as the reciprocal distribution (Vulliamy et al., 1981), to retinal photoreceptor cells (Barnstable, 1980), and to cat CNS neuronal subclasses (McKay and Hockfield, 1982). We have developed an Mab, 2B8, which binds to cell surface antigens on primary sensory neurons of the ...
Neurons
... 38.4 How Are Nervous Systems Organized? Most behaviors are controlled by pathways composed of four elements: – Sensory neurons respond to a stimulus, either internal or external to the body – Interneurons receive signals from sensory neurons, hormones, or neurons that store memories; based on thi ...
... 38.4 How Are Nervous Systems Organized? Most behaviors are controlled by pathways composed of four elements: – Sensory neurons respond to a stimulus, either internal or external to the body – Interneurons receive signals from sensory neurons, hormones, or neurons that store memories; based on thi ...
Nerve cells in the human ciliary muscle: ultrastructural and
... and circular portions. No nerve cells were observed in the anterior longitudinal portion. The cells were in contact with unmyelinated axons and synaptic boutons containing small agranular and large granular vesicles. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses were observed. Histochemically and ultrahist ...
... and circular portions. No nerve cells were observed in the anterior longitudinal portion. The cells were in contact with unmyelinated axons and synaptic boutons containing small agranular and large granular vesicles. Axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses were observed. Histochemically and ultrahist ...
Basic principles of attention and decision
... • Do not mistake with the ‘where’ (old) pathway: SC and pulvinar • Parietal cortex represents potential targets to reach with respect to body, and is involved in motor control (see Ramachandran, Balint’s syndrom) • Lateral Intraparietal cortex (LIP): highest-order area in the visual hierarchy of t ...
... • Do not mistake with the ‘where’ (old) pathway: SC and pulvinar • Parietal cortex represents potential targets to reach with respect to body, and is involved in motor control (see Ramachandran, Balint’s syndrom) • Lateral Intraparietal cortex (LIP): highest-order area in the visual hierarchy of t ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... response range (EMRR) to amino acids (i.e., Group I units), we initially failed to document the occurrence of units that exhibited a broader response specificity. However, to obtain an estimate of the percentage of Group I units, we performed a subset of experiments consisting of 164 different elect ...
... response range (EMRR) to amino acids (i.e., Group I units), we initially failed to document the occurrence of units that exhibited a broader response specificity. However, to obtain an estimate of the percentage of Group I units, we performed a subset of experiments consisting of 164 different elect ...
Developmental origin of shark electrosensory organs
... strictly from epidermal placodes in amphibians (Northcutt et al. 1995). However, cell lineage studies have shown that mechanoreceptor development in amphibians and teleosts also involves neural crest cells, which have been fate-mapped to lateral line neuromasts (Collazo et al. 1994). These cell line ...
... strictly from epidermal placodes in amphibians (Northcutt et al. 1995). However, cell lineage studies have shown that mechanoreceptor development in amphibians and teleosts also involves neural crest cells, which have been fate-mapped to lateral line neuromasts (Collazo et al. 1994). These cell line ...
Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crayfish Abdomen: A Student
... are interoceptors and sense stimuli within the body instead of from the outside world. In the vertebrate system, it appears that many of the joint and tension receptors are not necessary to detect gross proprioceptive information. The annulospiral and flowerspray (sensory nerve endings) receptors on ...
... are interoceptors and sense stimuli within the body instead of from the outside world. In the vertebrate system, it appears that many of the joint and tension receptors are not necessary to detect gross proprioceptive information. The annulospiral and flowerspray (sensory nerve endings) receptors on ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
MS WORD file
... are interoceptors and sense stimuli within the body instead of from the outside world. In the vertebrate system, it appears that many of the joint and tension receptors are not necessary to detect gross proprioceptive information. The annulospiral and flowerspray (sensory nerve endings) receptors on ...
... are interoceptors and sense stimuli within the body instead of from the outside world. In the vertebrate system, it appears that many of the joint and tension receptors are not necessary to detect gross proprioceptive information. The annulospiral and flowerspray (sensory nerve endings) receptors on ...
Similar Inhibitory Processes Dominate the Responses of Cat Lateral
... obtained from identified LAT projection neurons in barbiturateanesthetized cats. Synaptic responses evoked by perirhinal ( PRH ) , entorhinal ( ENT ) , basomedial, and LAT stimulation were investigated. Regardless of stimulation site, responses consisted of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP ...
... obtained from identified LAT projection neurons in barbiturateanesthetized cats. Synaptic responses evoked by perirhinal ( PRH ) , entorhinal ( ENT ) , basomedial, and LAT stimulation were investigated. Regardless of stimulation site, responses consisted of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.