Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... describe the main experimental effects. Combined, our results indicate that the spatiotemporal processing of visual stimuli is characterized by a delicate, mutual interplay between stimulusdependent and interaction-based strategies contributing to the formation of widespread cortical activation patt ...
... describe the main experimental effects. Combined, our results indicate that the spatiotemporal processing of visual stimuli is characterized by a delicate, mutual interplay between stimulusdependent and interaction-based strategies contributing to the formation of widespread cortical activation patt ...
Cochlear Implant 1
... Hair cells damage might cause by diseases (e.g meningitis, Meniere’s). If large number of hair cells or auditory neurons throughout the cochlea are damaged, then the person with such a loss is diagnosed as profoundly deaf. There is research which shows that the most common cause of deafness is the l ...
... Hair cells damage might cause by diseases (e.g meningitis, Meniere’s). If large number of hair cells or auditory neurons throughout the cochlea are damaged, then the person with such a loss is diagnosed as profoundly deaf. There is research which shows that the most common cause of deafness is the l ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
Impact of acute inflammation on spinal motoneuron synaptic
... lesioning is performed in an animal with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a significant number of motoneurons can be rescued despite an intense inflammatory reaction. This rescue effect has been attributed to production of a number of neurotrophic factors by invading T cells. Synapto ...
... lesioning is performed in an animal with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a significant number of motoneurons can be rescued despite an intense inflammatory reaction. This rescue effect has been attributed to production of a number of neurotrophic factors by invading T cells. Synapto ...
Changes in GABA Modulation During a Theta Cycle May Be
... Falling GABAB modulation produces a rise in k and is therefore equivalent to annealing, in which there is a simultaneous fall in both the temperature and the energy of afferent input relative to recurrent excitation and inhibition. 3.1 Why Do the Relative Energies of Afferent and Recurrent Inputs Ch ...
... Falling GABAB modulation produces a rise in k and is therefore equivalent to annealing, in which there is a simultaneous fall in both the temperature and the energy of afferent input relative to recurrent excitation and inhibition. 3.1 Why Do the Relative Energies of Afferent and Recurrent Inputs Ch ...
PDF
... lesioning is performed in an animal with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a significant number of motoneurons can be rescued despite an intense inflammatory reaction. This rescue effect has been attributed to production of a number of neurotrophic factors by invading T cells. Synapto ...
... lesioning is performed in an animal with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a significant number of motoneurons can be rescued despite an intense inflammatory reaction. This rescue effect has been attributed to production of a number of neurotrophic factors by invading T cells. Synapto ...
Ensemble Patterns of Hippocampal CA3
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
... indicated that, on average, local ripples developed and peaked at the same time, individual events could be “initiated” from any location. Thus, no particular recording site systematically “lead” the ripple event. Local ripples were correlated with single unit activity derived from the same electrod ...
PERSPECTIVES
... strict. In such cases, the effective motor action and the effective observed action coincide both in terms of goal (for example, grasping) and in terms of how the goal is achieved (for example, precision grip). However, for most neurons, the congruence is broader and is confined to the goal of the a ...
... strict. In such cases, the effective motor action and the effective observed action coincide both in terms of goal (for example, grasping) and in terms of how the goal is achieved (for example, precision grip). However, for most neurons, the congruence is broader and is confined to the goal of the a ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... baseline activity predicts the behavioral performance (Ress et al., 2000; Fox et al., 2007; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Scholvinck et al., 2012). The results of these electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have changed the traditional view in which the baseline activity was considered noise. How ...
... baseline activity predicts the behavioral performance (Ress et al., 2000; Fox et al., 2007; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Scholvinck et al., 2012). The results of these electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have changed the traditional view in which the baseline activity was considered noise. How ...
primary cortex - u.arizona.edu
... • Transduction of olfactory stimuli occurs in olfactory receptors located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper nasal cavity • Projections to various parts of the limbic system (which is responsible for the emotional perception of odorants) and to the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus • The DMN e ...
... • Transduction of olfactory stimuli occurs in olfactory receptors located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper nasal cavity • Projections to various parts of the limbic system (which is responsible for the emotional perception of odorants) and to the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus • The DMN e ...
Role of Slitrk Family Members in
... The development of the nervous system is an extremely complex process where gene expression is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Any gene disruption during neurodevelopment, from the complete non-transcription of the gene to a single nucleotide mutation, has the potential to lead to ...
... The development of the nervous system is an extremely complex process where gene expression is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Any gene disruption during neurodevelopment, from the complete non-transcription of the gene to a single nucleotide mutation, has the potential to lead to ...
Local Field Potential in the Visual System
... A pertinent question related to LFP signals is their spatial specificity, reflecting the degree to which they represent local activation within a region of cortex rather than mirroring activation that actually occurs at a distant site. Electrical signals observed locally may thus be due to transmitted ...
... A pertinent question related to LFP signals is their spatial specificity, reflecting the degree to which they represent local activation within a region of cortex rather than mirroring activation that actually occurs at a distant site. Electrical signals observed locally may thus be due to transmitted ...
Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system
... 2013). Thus, standardisation of some types of results according to muscle thickness, or mucosal area, for example, is necessary. These issues are discussed more fully elsewhere (Kapur 2013; Phillips and Powley 2007; Saffrey 2013). A fundamental but also crucial question concerning the use of animal ...
... 2013). Thus, standardisation of some types of results according to muscle thickness, or mucosal area, for example, is necessary. These issues are discussed more fully elsewhere (Kapur 2013; Phillips and Powley 2007; Saffrey 2013). A fundamental but also crucial question concerning the use of animal ...
Lecture 08
... If the neurotranmitter interacts with receptor/ion channels that cause hyper-polarization of the postsynaptic membrane towwards more negative values – then we speak about inhibition. The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is γaminobutyric acid (GABA). COSC422 ...
... If the neurotranmitter interacts with receptor/ion channels that cause hyper-polarization of the postsynaptic membrane towwards more negative values – then we speak about inhibition. The major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is γaminobutyric acid (GABA). COSC422 ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... Optokinetic stimulation The rate table was located at the center of a large sphere (1.45 m diam). A 120° segment was cut out of the sphere to allow convenient access to the animal. Nonetheless it was possible to orient the rabbit so that the visual field of a single eye was completely encompassed by ...
... Optokinetic stimulation The rate table was located at the center of a large sphere (1.45 m diam). A 120° segment was cut out of the sphere to allow convenient access to the animal. Nonetheless it was possible to orient the rabbit so that the visual field of a single eye was completely encompassed by ...
Does Loss of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Precede Loss of
... detection of NGF receptors. In control brain, NGF receptors were detected with antibody ME20-4 in cell bodies and proximal neurites in the nucleusof the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membran ...
... detection of NGF receptors. In control brain, NGF receptors were detected with antibody ME20-4 in cell bodies and proximal neurites in the nucleusof the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membran ...
Diencephalon and Hypothalamus
... c. Function: It is functionally and anatomically linked to the limbic system; implicated in a number of autonomic (ie. respiratory, cardiovascular), endocrine (thyroid function) and reproductive (mating behavior; responsible for postpartum maternal behavior) functions. Melatonin is secreted by the p ...
... c. Function: It is functionally and anatomically linked to the limbic system; implicated in a number of autonomic (ie. respiratory, cardiovascular), endocrine (thyroid function) and reproductive (mating behavior; responsible for postpartum maternal behavior) functions. Melatonin is secreted by the p ...
The Brain (Handout)
... even at the unicellular level, the bacteria have already possessed the ability to integrate numerous analog inputs and generate a binary (digital) output of stop or go. prof.aza ...
... even at the unicellular level, the bacteria have already possessed the ability to integrate numerous analog inputs and generate a binary (digital) output of stop or go. prof.aza ...
Temperature - Division Of Animal Sciences
... The Passive System For temperature regulation, the controlled system is the body itself, complete with fully functional cardio-vascular and respiratory systems, metabolic and reproductive activities, and the nervous and endocrine systems controlling these functions. The problem of the passive system ...
... The Passive System For temperature regulation, the controlled system is the body itself, complete with fully functional cardio-vascular and respiratory systems, metabolic and reproductive activities, and the nervous and endocrine systems controlling these functions. The problem of the passive system ...
Efficient coding and the neural representation of value
... only from an analysis of the choices a decisionmaker makes between that object and other options.1,2 In this regard, economic theories respect the fact that, for example, a given chooser might view 10 apples as less than 10 times as good as one apple if that is what the subject’s choices reveal. In ...
... only from an analysis of the choices a decisionmaker makes between that object and other options.1,2 In this regard, economic theories respect the fact that, for example, a given chooser might view 10 apples as less than 10 times as good as one apple if that is what the subject’s choices reveal. In ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... five cortico-BG circuits: the motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate circuits. However, because cortico-BG circuits are composed of multiple synapses, novel techniques were required to determine the detailed organization of these networks. Subsequent ...
... five cortico-BG circuits: the motor, oculomotor, dorsolateral prefrontal, lateral orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate circuits. However, because cortico-BG circuits are composed of multiple synapses, novel techniques were required to determine the detailed organization of these networks. Subsequent ...
The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement
... Somatosensory Information from the Trunk and Limbs Is Conveyed to the Spinal Cord Sensory information from the trunk and limbs enters the spinal cord, which has a core H-shape region of gray matter surrounded by white matter. The gray matter on each side of the cord is divided into dorsal (or poster ...
... Somatosensory Information from the Trunk and Limbs Is Conveyed to the Spinal Cord Sensory information from the trunk and limbs enters the spinal cord, which has a core H-shape region of gray matter surrounded by white matter. The gray matter on each side of the cord is divided into dorsal (or poster ...
MIRROR NEURON FUNCTION: AN EXAMINATION OF
... possible to interpret another’s interest in the topic. Motor, or sensory, empathy is the phenomenon of experiencing similar sensory input as the individual experiencing the stimulus firsthand (Loggia, Mogil, & Bushnell, 2008). This is the form of empathy behind experiencing sensory pain when observi ...
... possible to interpret another’s interest in the topic. Motor, or sensory, empathy is the phenomenon of experiencing similar sensory input as the individual experiencing the stimulus firsthand (Loggia, Mogil, & Bushnell, 2008). This is the form of empathy behind experiencing sensory pain when observi ...
Intelligent Systems - Teaching-WIKI
... output from the given training data input; 4. Ensure that the training data passes successfully, and test the network with other training/testing data; 5. Go back to Step 3 if performance is not good enough; 6. Repeat from Step 2 if Step 5 still lacks performance; or 7. Repeat from Step 1 if the net ...
... output from the given training data input; 4. Ensure that the training data passes successfully, and test the network with other training/testing data; 5. Go back to Step 3 if performance is not good enough; 6. Repeat from Step 2 if Step 5 still lacks performance; or 7. Repeat from Step 1 if the net ...
Anti-Apoptotic Proteins in Nerve Cell Survival and
... decreased in degenerating neurons. Both XIAP and RIAP-2 were absent in dying neurons indicating that these proteins have a protective role in kainic acid induced neurodegeneration. NAIP, another IAP family member, was shown to interact with the calcium binding protein Hippocalcin using the yeast two ...
... decreased in degenerating neurons. Both XIAP and RIAP-2 were absent in dying neurons indicating that these proteins have a protective role in kainic acid induced neurodegeneration. NAIP, another IAP family member, was shown to interact with the calcium binding protein Hippocalcin using the yeast two ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.